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HISTORICAL ANNOTATION 1013

supply considerably different statistics. The four most populated Muslim countries
of the era, Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, together did not reach half the
number Douglass cited. Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge,
Mass., 1991), 291-95; Alan Richards and John Waterbury, A Political Economy of
the Middle East: State, Class, and Economic Development (Boulder, Colo., 1990),
58; Middle East Economic Handbook (London, 1986), 31, 109, 131, 333; James
Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 13 vols. (New York, 1917-27),
8:875-91; Lindsay Jones, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, 2d ed., 14 vols. (Detroit,
2005), 7:4628.

432.36 howling and dancing dervishes] Dervishes are Muslim mystics or Sufis
who formed orders or brotherhoods beginning in the twelfth century. Many took vows
of poverty. Some dervish orders were known for fantastic practices such as dancing,
whirling, and howling. Yaacov Shimoni, Political Dictionary of the Arab World (New
York, 1987), 149-50.

433.23 Crete] Located approximately 60 miles from the Greek mainland, the
island of Crete is situated in the Mediterranean Sea. The largest of the Greek islands,
it extends nearly 160 miles and marks the southern limit of the Aegean Sea. Cohen,
Columbia Gazetteer, 1:750.

433.25 Acropolis] This historic rock outcrop rises 260 feet above the city of
Athens, Greece. The Acropolis features a relatively flat top, and originally functioned
as a fortified citadel. Major structures on the Acropolis include the Parthenon, the
Propylea, the temple of Athena Nike, and the Erechtheion. Cohen, Columbia
Gazetteer, 1:14.

433.25 Mars Hill] Commonly known as the Areopagus, the structure Douglass
mentions is a rocky hill northwest of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. In classical times
it functioned as the site of the Court of Appeals for civil and criminal trials. During the
Roman period, it was known as Mars Hill, after the Roman god of war. Philip Sanford
Marden, Greece and the Aegean Islands (Boston, 1907), 107; Baedeker, Greece, 4th
ed. (New York, 1995), 157-58; Cohen, Columbia Gazetteer, 1:150.

433.26-29 to ascend Lycabettus ... Theater of Dionysius] Mount Lycabettus, the
highest hill within the city, is often climbed by tourists seeking to enjoy a view of all
of Athens, including the ancient sites Douglass mentions. From this hill, one of two
routes to Marathon is visible across a low-lying plain, which in ancient times was a
commercial route for those landing on the region's east coast. Another landmark vis-
ible is the Academy, or garden, where the famous philosopher Plato regularly
addressed his students. Douglass might have been imagining he could see the spot
where the Greek statesman and orator Demosthenes stood, but he could certainly see
the majestic temple known as the Parthenon, which is the most visible monument on
the marble outcropping known as the Acropolis. On the other side of the Acropolis
stands the temple of Athena Nike, sometimes known as the Temple of Wingless
Victory. This temple once housed a statue of the winged Nike, who represents victory,
but her wings were removed at some point to prevent "victory" from flying away.