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πλ 91
and erasure of the ‘woman’ outside by the first permission, we get Fig. 9 which asserts that any catholic there may be adores some woman or other.
The third Permission is that any even-numbered Nest of Cuts, one within another with nothing scribed between except ligatures from the outside to the inside, may be substituted for any other (no Cut being considered as Nest of zero cuts,) around any Graph-instance. Such substitution is of course either an insertion or an omission.
Let us now consider the interpretation of ligatures. For that purpose I first note that the Entire Graph of any recto Area is a wholly particular and affirmative proposition or a copulation of such propositions. By wholly particular, I mean that every Subject (and every grammatical object) is an indesignate individual. The Entire Graph of any verso area is a wholly universal
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the traditional view that a Proposition is built up of Names, and an Argument of Propositions. It is true that of the four meanings of the term Argument (for the Middle Term, for the Copulation of Premisses, for the setting out of Premisses and Conclusion, and for the Logical operation of converting Premisses into Conclusion,) the second and third justify the traditional account. But in the last sense, which alone is the essential one, an Argument is no more built up of Propositions than a motion is built up of positions. So to regard it is to neglect the very essence of it. As for a Propo sition, it is represented in this System by a Graph; and the smallest significant bit of a Graph is still a Graph, that is to say, the smallest constituent of a Proposition is a Proposition. Just as it is strictly correct to say that no body is ever in an exact Position,