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Status: Complete
Brown at 50 Chronology Page 6 of 7
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| intentional discrimination | |
| 1977 | Milliken v. Bradley 433 U.S. 267 (1977) (Milliken II): State can be required to fund desgregation plans |
| 1978 | Bakke v. Regents of the University of California, 438 U.S. 265 (1978): affirmative action -- schools can take race into account in admissions, but cannot use quotas |
| 1980 | Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980): Supreme Court upholds an affirmative action program for federal contractors (Westlaw pdf) |
| 1986 | Riddick v. School Board of the City of Norfolk, Va. 784 F.2d 521 (4th Cir. 1986): school district declared desegregated and reverts to local control with elimination of desegregation plan (Westlaw pdf) |
| 1988 | Kadrmas v. dickinson Public Schools, 487 U.S. 450 (1988): Supreme Court reaffirms that education is not a fundamental right under the United States Constitution (Westlaw pdf) |
| 1991 | Clarence Thomas is the second African American to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court |
| 1992 | US v. Fordice, 505 U.S. 717 (1992): Supreme Court requires Mississippi to dismantle its contining dual system of colleges and universities (Westlaw pdf) |
| 1995 | Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70 (1995) (Jenkins II); limits ability of urban schools to attract suburban school students (Westlaw pdf) |
| 1995 | Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995): Supreme Court holds that strict scrutiny must be applied to all racial classifications by the federal government, both "benign" and invidious." (Westlaw pdf) |
| 1996 | Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996): Fifth Circuit rules affirmative action plan in Texas universities unconstitutional; Supreme Court refuses to review the case. (Westlaw pdf) |
| 1996 | California adopts Proposition 209 banning all forms of affirmative action |
| 1997 | Ninth Circuit affirms constitutionality of Proposition 209; S. Ct. declines to hear the case |
| 1999 | 30 years of court-supervised desegregation ends in Charlotte-Mecklenburg school district |
| 2003 | Grutter v. Bollinger (pdf), 2003 WL 21433492, 91 Fair Emp. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1761, 2003 Daily Journal D.A.R. 6800, U.S., Jun 23, 2003: Supreme Court upholds Michigan University Law School affirmative action program based on race as part of overall purpose of obtaining a diverse student body and where selection is individualized, but takes race into accouint. |
| 2003 | Gratz v. Bollinger (pdf), 2003 WL 21434002, 91 Fair Emp. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 1803, 2003 Daily Journal D.A.R. 6783, U.S., Jun 23, 2003: Supreme overtuns University of Michigan undergraduate affirmative action program based on race in which points were added to a composite score based solely on race without individualized assessment. |
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