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The state of the Dream 2004: Enduring disparities in Black and White
Endnotes
1. "Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination," Marianne Bertrand and Sendbil Mullainathan, May 27, 2003.
2. See a description of the study on the web at http://www.collegejournal.com/successwork/workplacediversity/20030910-wessel.html.
3. Arthur B, Kennickell, "A Rolling Tide: Changes in the Distribution of Wealth in the U.S., 1989-2001," Levy Economics Institute, Nov. 2003, Table 26.
4. National Low-Income Housing Coalition.
5. Housing Assistance Council tabulation of 2001 American Housing Survey data (Census Bureau)
6. Kevin Carey, The Funding Gap: Low-Income and Minority Students Still Receive Fewer Dollars in Many States, The Education Trust, Fall 2003.
7. Erica Frankenberg, Chungmei Lee and Gary Orfield, A Multiracial Society with Segregated Schools: Are We Losing the Dream?, The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, 2003.
8. Cellblocks of Classrooms? The Funding of Higher Education and Corrections and Its Impact on African American Men, Justice Policy Institute, August 28, 2002.
9. See, for example, Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate (New York: The Sentencing Project/The New Press, 1999) and Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and Leadership Conference Education Fund, Justice on Trial: Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System, www.civilrights.org
24 United for a Fair Economy • Racial Wealth Divide Project
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The State of the Dream 2004: Enduring Disparities in Black and White
Appendix
Note on Racial Classifications: Over the years, the Census Bureau has introduced increasingly restrictive definitions of racial categories, which has resulted in an increase in the total number of categories. For example, in terms of Family income, in 1968, there were two categories: "White" and "Black." In 1972, two new categories were added -- "Hispanic Origin" and "White, Not Hispanic." In 2002, more categories were added, including "White Alone;" "White Alone, Not Hispanic;" and "Black Alone." In all cases, we used data for the most restrictive category available for that year. In the case of Family income, this means that the 1968 figures are for "White" and "Black," and the 2002 figures are for "White Alone, Not Hispanic" and "Black Alone."
FIRST OBSERVATION (All dollar figures adjusted for inflation to enable comparison with second observation.)
| Indicator | Year | White | Black | Black as a % of White |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment Rate | 1972 | 5.1% | 10.4 | 203.9% |
| Median Family Income | 1968 | $39,206 | $23,514 | 60.0% |
| Per Capita Income | 1968 | $12,454 | $6,823 | 54.8% |
| Median Full-time Worker pay, female | 1968 | $20,231 | $15,377 | 76.0% |
| Median Full-time Worker pay, male | 1968 | $34,749 | $23,189 | 66.7% |
| Median Household Net Worth | 1989 | $97,800 | $5,300 | 5.4% |
| Average Household Net Worth | 1989 | $317,600 | $57,000 | 17.9% |
| Overall Poverty Rate | 1968 | 10.0% | 34.7% | 347.0% |
| Child Poverty Rate | 1968 | 10.7% | 43.1% | 402.8% |
| Over-65 Poverty Rate | 1968 | 23.1% | 47.7% | 206.5% |
| Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) | 1970 | 17.8 | 32.6 | 183.1% |
| Indicator | Year | White | Black | Black as a % of White |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment Rate | 2003 | 5.2% | 10.8 | 207.7% |
| Median Family Income | 2002 | $58,270 | $33,525 | 57.5% |
| Per Capita Income | 2001 | $26,134 | $14,953 | 57.2% |
| Median Full-time Worker pay, female | 2001 | $31,794 | $27,297 | 85.9% |
| Median Full-time Worker pay, male | 2001 | $43,194 | $31,921 | 73.9% |
| Median Household Net Worth | 2001 | $121,000 | $19,000 | 15.7% |
| Average Household Net Worth | 2001 | $468,200 | $75,700 | 16.2% |
| Overall Poverty Rate | 2002 | 8.0% | 24.1% | 301.3% |
| Child Poverty Rate | 2002 | 8.9% | 32.1% | 360.7% |
| Over-65 Poverty Rate | 2002 | 8.3% | 23.8% | 286.7% |
| Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) | 2001 | 5.7 | 14.0 | 245.6% |
| Indicator | Avg. Closing of Gap Per Year, in Percentage Points | Percentage Point Gap Remaining | Years to Parity | Parity Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment Rate | [diverging] | - | - | - | A |
| Median Family Income | [diverging] | - | - | - | B |
| Per Capita Income | 0.07 | 42.8 | 581 | 2582 | C |
| Median Full-time Worker pay, female | 0.30 | 14.1 | 47 | 2048 | D |
| Median Full-time Worker pay, male | 0.22 | 26.1 | 120 | 2121 | D |
| Median Household Net Worth | 0.86 | 84.3 | 98 | 2099 | E |
| Average Household Net Worth | [diverging] | - | - | - | E |
| Overall Poverty Rate | 1.35 | 201.3 | 150 | 2152 | F |
| Child Poverty Rate | 1.24 | 260.7 | 210 | 2212 | G |
| Over-65 Poverty Rate | [diverging] | - | - | - | G |
| Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000) | - | - | - | G |
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The State of the Dream 2004: Enduring Disparities in Black and White
Appendix, continued
FIRST OBSERVATION (All dollar figures adjusted for inflation to enable comparison with second observation.)
| Indicator | Year | White | Black | Black as a % of White |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life Expectanty at Birth | 1970 | 71.62 | 64.11 | 89.5% |
| Homeownership Rate | 1970 | 65.4% | 41.6% | 63.6% |
| High School Dropout Rate | 1968 | 4.5% | 41.6% | 63.6% |
| Completed High School | 1968 | 54.9% | 30.1% | 54.8% |
| H.S. Graduates Enrolled in or Completed Some College | 1968 | 52.5% | 38.1% | 72.6% |
| Completed 4 or More Years of College | 1968 | 11.0% | 4.3% | 39.1% |
| Percentage of Residents Ever Incarcerated: Male | 1974 | 1.4% | 8.7% | 621.4% |
| Percentage of Residents Ever Incarcerated: Female | 1974 | 0.1% | 0.6% | 600.0% |
| Lifetime Chance of Going to Prison: Males born in | 1974 | 2.2% | 13.4% | 609.1% |
| Lifetime Chance of Going to Prison: Females born in | 1974 | 0.2% | 1.1% | 550.0% |
| Indicator | Year | White | Black | Black as a % of White |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life Expectanty at Birth | 2000 | 77.4 | 71.7 | 92.6% |
| Homeownership Rate | 2002 | 74.5% | 47.9% | 64.3% |
| High School Dropout Rate | 2001 | 4.6% | 5.7% | 123.9% |
| Completed High School | 2002 | 88.7% | 79.2% | 89.3% |
| H.S. Graduates Enrolled in or Completed Some College | 2002 | 70.4% | 61.6% | 87.5% |
| Completed 4 or More Years of College | 2002 | 29.4% | 17.2% | 58.5% |
| Percentage of Residents Ever Incarcerated: Male | 2001 | 2.6% | 16.6% | 638.5% |
| Percentage of Residents Ever Incarcerated: Female | 2001 | 0.3% | 1.7% | 566.7% |
| Lifetime Chance of Going to Prison: Males born in | 2001 | 5.9% | 32.2% | 545.8% |
| Lifetime Chance of Going to Prison: Females born in | 2001 | 0.9% | 5.6% | 622.2% |
| Indicator | Avg. Closing of Gap Per Year, in Percentage Points | Percentage Point Gap Remaining | Years to Parity | Parity Year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life Expectanty at Birth | 0.10 | 7.4 | 71 | 2071 | I |
| Homeownership Rate | 0.02 | 35.7 | 1664 | 3666 | J |
| High School Dropout Rate | 3.05 | 23.9 | 8 | 2009 | K |
| Completed High School | 1.01 | 10.7 | 11 | 2013 | L |
| H.S. Graduates Enrolled in or Completed Some College | 0.44 | 12.5 | 28 | 2030 | M |
| Completed 4 or More Years of College | 0.57 | 41.5 | 73 | 2075 | L |
| Percentage of Residents Ever Incarcerated: Male | [diverging] | - | - | - | N |
| Percentage of Residents Ever Incarcerated: Female | 1.23 | 466.7 | 378 | 2379 | N |
| Lifetime Chance of Going to Prison: Males born in | 2.35 | 445.8 | 190 | 2919 | N |
| Lifetime Chance of Going to Prison: Females born in | [diverging] | - | - | - | N |
A. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Situation Historical Table A-2.
B. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables, Table F-5.
C. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables, Tables P-1a (White 1968), P-1b (African-American 1968 and 2001), and P-1e (White 2001).
D. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Historical Income Tables, Tables P-36a (White 1968), P-36b (African-American 1968 and 2001), and P-36e (White 2001).
26 United for a Fair Economy * Racial Weath Divide Project
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The State of the Dream 2004: Enduring Disparities in Black and White
Table Sources, continued:
E. Arthur B. Kennickell, "A Rolling Tide: Changes in the Distribution of Wealth in the U.S., 1989-2001."
F. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Historical Poverty Tables, Table 2.
G. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Historical Poverty Tables, Table 3. Figures are for related children in families.
H. National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports, Sept. 18, 2003, Table 31.
I. National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports, December 19, 2002, Table 11.
J. 1970: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Census of Housing Tables, Ownership Rates (for African-American). U.S. Census Bureau, Phone Inquiry, Jan. 8, 2004. 2002: Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, as reported in Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Housing Market Conditions, 3rd Quarter 2003, Nov. 2003.
K. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, School Enrollment Historical Tables, Table A-4.
L. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Educational Attainment Historical Tables, Table A-2.
M. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Educational Attainment Historical Tables, Table A-5.
N. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001, August, 2003.
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United for a Fair Economy • Racial Wealth Divide Project 27
