Kentucky Educator Resources

85 spring of 1825, the Honorable George Shannon of Lexington presiding; he was defended by the Honorable [Honorable] John Rowan, then a Senator in Congress, the Honorable William T. Barry, then Secretary of State, Colo. William Brown, a distinguished [distinguished] lawyer & a gentleman of great personal worth and influence of Cynthiana & my son Thos. P. Taul then twenty two years of age. The trial lasted 8 or 10 days & resulted in a verdict of guilty. A motion was made for a new trial & granted on some pretended tampering with or misconduct of the jury. A year or two afterwards, he was tried a second time before Judge ____ Brown, who had received [received] his appointment from Gov. Desha and was again found guilty & another new trial granted. He remained in prison until a short time before the expiration of his fathers term of office, when he was pardoned & returned to his family, but did not remain with them but a a short time before he left & the first account that was [?] [?] heard of him was his death at San Felipe de Austin in Texas. The tragical fate of this wretched man, the circumstances that my youthful son was one of his counsel, & was said to have acquitted himself with great credit, are the principal causes for giving the case a place in these memoirs. From Kenty. Desha went to N. Orleans passing under the assumed name of Parker. From N.O. he went to Texas where or at N.O. he made the acquaintance of a man of the name of Early from Georgia, whose father had been Gov ? of that state. Whether he was passing by his proper name or not, I never learned. But he had fled from Georgia [Georgia] for murder, Early had money. Desha had none & E. proposed to him to accompany him to San Antonio

90 each other. Her sister was the wife of James Campbell, Esq. a Gentleman of high character & standing & the acknowledged head of the Winchester bar- She was herself most beautiful, & highly accoplished certainly, one of the most lovely women I ever saw. Her father, Col. H had been a man of fortune & for many years, a prominent Lawyer & politician- had, had the command of a Regiment in the Army of the U.S. in the then late war, with Great Britain. He had become acquainted with Thos. P. in Kent, where he had heard him make a creditable profession al [professional] effort in some case in the Nicholas Court. His first speeches in Tennessee, particularly in the Franklin & Warren Courts, obtained for him a very high character for to gain a legal learning. Ho. A & Mr. Campbell paid him marked attention - Miss Anderson's Mother was dead. She lived with her Sister Ms. C. in Winchester. His frequent calls at the house of Ms. C. very soon gave rise to the opinion, that he & Miss A. wanted be married. They were married on the 7th of March 1827, the Anni versary of his birth, he being on that day twenty four years of age. My dear wife's health was declining rapedly - and in the month, I took her, accompanied by our daughter to the Blount Springs, where we remained two or 3 months, & I returned home with her health somewhat improved, but in a very short time she grew worse. We spent the latter part of the Summer at the sulphur spring near Winchester, but without being benefited by the use of the water, and after suffering for several months, at most insupportable pain, she died in great

Page 92 Such was the state of party feeling in those days that two or three members who preferred him personally to either of the other candidates, & who voted for him on several of the first ballotings [ballotings], voted against him, on the last one; because [because], as they said Colo. John Williams of Knoxville [Knoxville], that excellent man & [pure?] patriot & other anti-Jackson men, were voting for him. Thos. P's health during the fall was alarming so much so that he & his wife, came to the determination [determination] to spend the winter in the south. Accordingly [accordingly] they left Ten. about the 1st of December [December], travelled on horseback to Natchez; from whense they went by water to New Orleans where they remained during the winter and retuned by water to Nashville in the spring of 1828 & from thence by land to Winchester with the determination to settle in and make Huntsville his permanent residence. [1828 written in margin] His health was not improved during the winter but he was in pretty good spirits. Sometime, during the year 1827, Mr. Wills the editor of the "Huntsville Democrat" was killed by James M. McClung, Esq. an apiring [aspiring] politician & a prominent member of the Huntsville bar. It was believed by many to be a clear case of murder in the first degree. The Solicitor or Attorney Genl. of the Circuit was James White, son of the Hon. Hugh L. White of Ten., & a cousin of Mr. McClung's. He of course declined [declined] prosecuting him. Anderson Hutcherson, Esq. consented to accept the appointment of Solicitor Pro Tem so far as to prepare the indictment. Mr. McClurg was closely identified with one of the political parties at Huntsville; he was

[pg. 99] Thos. T. having made his arrangement, to spend the winter in labor, his sister was written to, to return to Tenn. with our neighbor & friend Lyr. Geo. Gray, who was then on a visit to Kenty. They were expected to return by way of Mon ticello, & I went that far to meet them, but was disappointed, they having returned, via Nashville, near to which place, they visit Thos - who dispatched a servant to Monticello, to apprise me of the fact. I returned to Win chester. Thos was then staying the Camp bell's, and before I saw him, a difficulty occurred between him & a furious, drunken din Irishman, named John Dwyer, which resulted in Thos. shooting him with a Pistol somewhere near the hip, which fortunately did not prove mortal. Without detailing all the circumstances, connected with that unhappy affair, I will barely remark, that Thos. was justifiable in shooting the old man who had not only very wantonly insulted him but offered him personal violence, which he was not able to resist with his arms of flesh. He did not than weigh 100lbs. He told me he did not shoot the old man, to save him self, that the ball struck higher than he intended it should. Hearing the report of the Pistol, & [?] in distress, I ran with them in the direction of the noise, without [?] for a moment, what had happened on learning that Mr. Dwyer, had been shot by my son, without wanting to inquire or [anyway?] legate this fact connected with home, I had him mounted on a good horse, & he rode off

43 in the utmost recess of my soul, where it shall have abiding place, as long as memory endures and I leave this poor tribute to your Memory & character, that it may stand in a proper light before my descendants, who may chance to see it. The cause being prepared for trial, it was called in to order, on the Docket, Judge Nathan Green presiding. Judge Isacks, who was considered the leading Counsel for Complainants, answered that they were ready for trial, in a tone and manner, indicating, anticipated victory.

Judge Green remarked that he could not try the case; that he lived in the immediate neighborhood of the parties & had heard a great deal said about it, and not expecting to try it, he had himself perhaps talked too freely about it, to do so, & therefore the cause must be continued.

The case was tried at the next town before Chancellor Reese, who gave a decree in favor of Complainant, - It was argued before him by W. E. Anderson (no relation of R. K. A.) & Hop Turney, for Complainants; and by Genl Gibb & Mr. Rucks for Defendants. We took an appeal to the Supreme Court.

It was tried before that Court at the term 183 ; the Honble John Catron, Robt White & Jacob Peck presiding, when the decree of the Chancellor was reversed & a decision pronounced in our favor, on all the points of the case. (See the case reported in the 3rd Vol. of [?] Reports pages ) When the cause was called for trial, Judge Green, having been promoted to the Supreme bench

48 friends, after the wine had circulated pretty freely the Conversation soon turned upon Genl. J. and his administration, most of the Gentlemen present, being of the Jackson party in politics and they were loud & liberal in their eulogisims on its wisdom. Colo. Miller, took the other side & condemn'd it, in the strongest terms _ not even sparing the old General himself. His son in law, intimated to him that he might by taking such a decided stance against Genl. Jackson, subject himself to the reputation of inconsistency or at least of insincerity, at the time he made his celebrated speech on the Nominating Resolution the latter part of which speech, he quoted To which Miller, instantaneously replaced with an oath, that he had not changed, one jot or tittle of his opinion of Genl. J.: He had the same opinion of him, then, that he always had, & rising to his feet, "[saved?] by the Eternal ----- that he would now (then) rather employ Genl Jackson to fight fire, than any other man, on the face of the Earth" His ready wit served him, as it doubtless had done before, on many trying occasions, to escape, from rather an awkward dilemma.

Louisville Anzeiger-Jubiläums-Beilage.

Seit jechzig jahren ift der ,,Louisville Unzeiger'' Euere Zeitung gervejen Seit Dierundfechzig Jahren ift BACON's Euer Laden gewefen Und er wird fortjahren, Euer Laden zu fein, Denn wir bleiben dem Bublitum gegenüber [ftets?] die gleichen Es wird [ftets?] unfer Beftreben fein Euch ,,Das Befte für Weniger" zu vertaufen. J. BACON & SONS ESTABLISHED IN [1845?] INCORPORATED

Sedizig [Tabre] deutlch-amerikanildier Boucualiaik.

Die Fubuläums - Rummer des ,,Unzeigers" , weldje wir unjerea Zejren heute vorlegen, ift in meh-fadjer [mehfadjer] [Ginfidjt?] von herborragender Ledeutung. [Nidjt?] blos, weil fie den jedjzigjahrigen Beftand eines gefdjaftidyen [gefdjaftidyen?] Unternehmens Darftellt, was an und fur fidj idjon als eine widytige Errungenjdyaft gelten fann, jondern weil jie uns eine Gejdyidyte des Deutidythums von Louisville beranjdyaulidyt [beranjdyaulidyt?] und uns die Bergangherf der Deutidy - amerifanijdyen Breffe varftellt. Die deitjdye Breffe ift unzweifelhaft der [???] Factor im Entwidelungsange des amerifamjdyen [amerifamjdyen?] Deutfdythums; denn ohne die deitjdye Zeitung, die uhm Beratherin Siirerin und Barnerin geivefen ift auf feiner fturimijden SAUFBAHN, ware cs ibm Faum moglisd geivedien, cs innerhalb cines berhaltnigmagig furgen Seitraumes gn fold bobem anjwben gii bringebm es ware ihm aber aud nid't moglid gevejen bis 3u cinent folden grade jeine deutjdje Gigenart 3u bewahren. Muf fedgig Sahre eritredt fich ungejahr die Bergangenbeit des amerifamijden Deutidthums. Ce hatten Jid 3war Idon 3ahkreidje Deutjdhe bor dem Ginjtromen der adjtundbiereiger Ginwanderung in amerifa niederg+ laifen, allein von cinem deutidjen clement als joldhen fonnte bordem Sennodj faum sie rede fein. Gomit Iann man oljne 3u iibertreiben fagen, der Louisviller unzeiger und das biefige Dautidhthum feien gleidjalterig--- fie bliden auf eine fedhzigJabrige Bergangenbeit zuriid. Und diejem dentmiiirdigen Geigniffe Berdanft be lejer die Sulaums. Rummer, weldje wir ibmbeute borlegen. Gie erfdheint im pradjtigen Seitgewand, mie fidj das gehort, wenn man ein bobes und feltenes Sejt begeht, das um fo grogere Bedeutung erlangt im Sinblid auf die Berhaltniffe, unter welden es begangrn wird 3n Teutjdhland geboren berartiige publicijtijdne Greigniffe nidnt gerade 3u ben Geeltenbeiten weil die 3eitungen dort nidjt jene stampie 3u fubren jaben, nidht jenen Brufungen au3gejest jind, mie bier, no ihre Bauptauigabe in der Bahrung deutjdher Snterejjen beitht, Die Seitung in Leutighland vermittelt ben geiftigen Berfehr guvudhen fidj und ibren Lejern, ohne die Berpflidutung 3u haben, fie fortvahrend anhalten 3u mjjffen, die beutidhe Gpradhe 3u pfkegen, beutishe Eitten und Brayde second coloum(ENGLISH) gu mahren, joweit jie fidj mit ihrent ameridanujdren Burgerthum bertragen, den Ginigfeitsgeift unter :huen 3u weden, damit fie im Gtande find, jene grogen geijtigen Guter, weldje Mutter Germania ihnen mit uber das meer gegebenm murtjamer 3u jdjugen und 3u hegen; furg gejagt, fie nwib jtets auf der Barte ftehen, um einem Riedergang des Seutjdhen Gelbjtbetmngtfeins borzubengen. Sn Deutfdhland entheben fie die Berhaltnijje einer Derartigen mujgabe. Dort find alle bie Bedingungen und Gigenfdhajten borherrjdjend, weldhe die Stelllung der deutjgh- Amerifanijdhen Beitung gu einer jo liberans jdavierigen gejtalten. Dort herridht die deutidhe Gpradhe, dort herrjdht der deutjdhe Geijt, dort herridht inniges Bujammenjtreben, wenn es fidj barum handelt, die Ghre, die Madht und die Grobe Deutjdhlands gu fordern oder gu Jdhuten. Das deutidhthum auf jeinem heimathlidjen Boden lvird nidjt wie bier von allen Geiten bom Geijte der Unduldjamfiet und ber Berjolgungsjudjt bedrohjt, wie das bier der Fall Ijt. Jn Amerifa hjat die deutjdje Lagespefe vom Lage ihrer Gntjtehung an ein fampferjulltes Dajein gu fubren gehjabt. Die offenen und geheimen Anjdjlage gegen das Deutidjtbum hauften fidj von Zag zu Eage. Die Gehajjigfeit jeiner Gegner geigte ftets neue Rante, meldjen die mbjidjt jeiner Drangjalirung gugrunde lag, Seute bildetttt es die Bieljdjeibe der Muder, morgen die mativifudjdjer Bosheite, und auj taujenderlei aandere Beife madjte fidj ber Geijt der Gehajjigfeit gegen bas Deutjthum gelttend. Gs Mar rings um bpm Gejahren bedroht, weldje eg auf die Berjahren jeiner Figenart cbgejehen, die jeinen Sujammenbalt unmoglisj gu madjen und jeinen Ginflug gu bernidjten tradjteten. Sn diejen Gtunmden der Bedrangnis ridjkete der Deutjdhje feinen Blid Auf die deutjdje Brejje, beren Subrerjdjait im Stampie gegen die ihn bedrohenden finjteren Gelvalten er injtinctiv borausabnte. Und feine Borausfegungen baben ibn nie getaujdjt. Erine deutjdje Seitung griff rudfodjt mit jelbftlofer Singage on Die Gadje des Deutjdjthums deffen Grundjage midjt nur, fondern audja dejjen Freiheiten, weldje ibm fein Burgertbum garantirte. Saufig gemug hat der deutjdjen Breffe dieje Stampibereitjdjaft eine empjindlidje Gdjadigung ihjrer materiellen Sntereffen eingetragen, aber sa galt hir das Redjte und Die Freihjeit einzutreten, die Gtellung Des Deutjdj, thums gu wabren, da lieg fie fidj ma von Bwenqfwigfeit&rudjidhjen leiten. dieje Bemerfungen madjen auf den crjten Blid den Gindrud, als feien fie auf einen Lon des Gigenlobe gefuinmmt, Das ift aber nidjt ihr Swed, veilmehr handelt es fidj um nidjts als cine borurtheilsfreie und geredjte Beurtheilung der Ehatigfeit Dre beutjdj- Amerifamifdjen brejje. Benn dieje Beurtheilung gu ihren Genjten ansjallt, fo ift bas cin Rejultat. des auf diel Ratur der Gadje gurudgufubren ijt. Die voritebende Gdjilberung der Beziehungen ber deutjd. ameritanijdjen 8eitung zum hiekigem Deutijdjthum bagt auf den Louisviller An geiger. Blidt er aug die fedjzig Sabre Jeines Dafeins gurud fo mus er fidj gejtehen, daz fie fidj nidjt immer im glatten Gabriwaffer rubige Berhaltniffe dabinbewegt haben. dritte wethodigten, 700 Cit-Bredinridge. Rev. G. Gobanners, baft 9(Church)

[Incomplete transcription. difficulty differentiating some letters. Y's?]

louisville Anzeler--- Jubllaums-Bellage 1909 geit fedjzig faheen ift ber ,,Louisville unzeiger" gurer zeitung geweien Seit Dierundfechzig Jahren Ift BACON'S Fuer laden gewefen und er wirb fortfahren, fuer laben zu,benn wir bleiben dem Bublitum gegenuber ftets die gleidjen [Fs?] wird ftets unjer Veftreben fein, Fuch ,, DAS BDFTE FUR WENIGER" Zu verlaufen. J. BACON & SONS incorprated establish in [1845?] [?]abre swuflch-amerikanifdjer [?] (paper torn)

Die in diefer 21 usgabe bennbten Bortraits Die Subilaums- rummer des unzeigers, weldje wir unjeren 2ejern heute borlegen, ift in mehfadhersinfidjt bon heerborragender sedeutung. Ridjt blos, weil fie den fedjzivlben Beftand cines geidhaftliden Unternehments darjtellt, mas an und fur fidj idhon als eine gedhaft liden unternehnens darnjtell, mas an und fur dydj ydon als eine wisjtige Grrungenjdhait gelten fann, jondern weil fie uns eine Geidhidhte Des Deutidhthums bon Lousiville beran-

STEFFENS KLAUBER STUDIO Dining Room in ConnectionDie in diefer 21 usgabe bennbten Bortraits

Kentucky Land Use Suitability Map Agricultural and Industrial Development Board of Kentucky Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Kentucky

The use suitability classification used on thismap is generalized interpretation of the soil resources in terms of the most intensive uses feasible for sustained production. It should be emphasized that the ratings of the delineated areas refer to the dominant soils and not to all soils included in them. Thus, the map is useful for purposes involving comparisons among large areas, but it is not detailed enough to use for comparisons among small areas, such as fields and farms. Detailed maps of individual farms showing the soils and their land use capability may be obtained through local soil conservation districts.

The map is not intended to show the presentland use but rather the potenial use under a good level of management, including such soil conservation practives as may required. It should be stressed, also, that land suitable for cultivation is likewise suitable for less intevsive uses, such as pasture and woodland. For example, the area around Lexington is shown to be dominantly of soils suited for cultivation, but largely used for pasture, an excellent use. Furthermore, it should not be inferred from the map that the dominant soils in all areas shown by the same color, or within any one of these area, are all of the same quality. Although their use suitability may be the same, their management requirements under this use vary widely.

Supplementary information has been included on the back side of the map to afford the user an over concept of the land resource and the agricultural economy of the state. To help in visualizing the nature of the classification, a landscape typical of each class is shown in the four photographs below.

[Picture] Yellow. Areas Mainly of Soils Sutied for Cultivation in Crop Rotations. Soil Conservation Service

[Picture] Green. Areas Mainly of Suited for Continuous Pasture and Pasture with Occasional Cultivation. Courtesy of Lyle Leonard

[Picture] Red. Areas Mainly of soils Suited for Continuous Pasture and Woodland. Courtesy of Lyle Leonard

[Picture] Brown. Areas Mainly of Soils Suited for Woodland. Kentucky Division of Publicity

Origin of Soils All soils everywhere are the result of five influences, or factors; (1) CLIMATE, (2) LIVING ORGANISMS, especially native vegetation, (3) PARENT MATERIALS, (4) TOPGRAPHY, and (5) TIME. The many differences among soils are caused by difference in one or more of these factors.

Kentucky's soils are many and varied. Except for very recent alluvial deposits, practically all of them have developed under forest cover and essentially the same climate. Thus the distinctions among them are due chiefly to differences in parent materials, the topography which these materials occupy, and the length of tie the materials have been exposed to soil forming processes. In Kentucky, most parent materials have accumulated in place from the weathering of underlying sedimenatry rocks. Other sources, in the probable order of extent, are loess, alluvial desposits, marine desposits, and glacial drift.

Generally speaking, the best agricultural soils from a given parent material have brownish surfaces, and brownish, reddish, or yellowish subsoils. Except for young alluvial soils of the bottomlands, these best soils occupy gentle to moderate slopes, and are deep to their parent material. These characteristics indicate good natural dainage and soil development. Identical parent material on steep slopes commonly produces soils that are thin, shallow to their parent rock, and often stony. On flat uplands, drainage is usually impeded and the soils have grayish surfaces, and compact, grayish or mottled subsoils. These wetter soils are usually less productive than their better drained counterparts.

THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS

Kentucky has a land surface of 40,109 sq. mi. or 25,669,760 acres. The overall surface is essentially an eroded plateau that slopes gradually to the southwest. There are six major physiographic or natural regions that, according to significant variations, are further subdivided into subregions. However, on this map in several instance, a number of subregions have been treated as one area for simplicity.

THE BLUEGRASS REGION. The Bluegrass comprises about onefifth of the state, and considering its disinctiveness, is quite large. Louisville, at the Falls of the Ohio, is Kentucky's largest industrial center. The Inner Bluegrass or central area is about 30 percent of the whole. The surface is undulating to gently rolling, and with its numerous tree-shaded pastures is often more park-like than a farmscape. Roughly encircling the Inner Bluegrass; separating it from the Outer and in distinct contrast to both, are the Hills of the Bluegrass. The terrain is hilly, with winding ridges and valleys, and steep slopes that average 25-30 percent. There is little level land. The Outer Bluegrass resmbles the Inner but is not as compact nor as consistenly developed. The surface is more rollin and less uniform.

THE KNOBS REGION. This region is named for its conical and flat-topped hills called knobs. It is small, about one-tenth of the state, and forms a narrow crescent encircling the Bluegrass on the east, south and west. Towards the Bluegrass the terrain is flat to rolling with scattered knobs and wide valleys while the outer margin is rough.

THE EASTERN MOUNTAINS AND COAL FIELD. Also called the Cumberland Plateau, this region extends over the entire eastern fourth of Kentucky. It is the larger of the two coal producing regions of the state, and production of natural gas is also important. Most of the region is heavily forested. Ashland in the northeast is an important inductrial center. Three areas, extending the length of the region, are shown. The Mountain and Creek Bottom Area has a rugged terrain deservedly called mountianous. Ridges are high and sharp-crested; there is little level upland, and valleys are narrow. Pine and Cumberland Mountains, separated by Middlesboro Basin, comprise in the southeast the highest and most rugged part of Kentucky. The Plateau Area is the least rugged of the three. Much of the land is undulating to rolling where plateau levels still exist. Streams have deeply trenched the Escarpment Area and created a highy dissected and rugged topography. Valleys are either steep-sided or clifty; the ridges narrow. There is little level land.

THE PENNYROYAL REGION. This is one of the three largest regions of Kentucky and comprises almost 30 percent of the state. Much of the surface is quite uniform, but as a whole is rater diverse. Industry is developing in several places, and a number of minerals are produred. Several subregions are recognized, but only three are shown. The Western Pennyroyal, Sandstone-Shale-Limestone Area, also called the Mammoth Cave Plateau, encircles the Western Coal Field on the east, south and west. Much of the terrain is undulating to rolling, but near streams and sections of underground drainage it is hilly or karsted. Mammoth Cave Park is in this area that is noted for its caverns. The Limestone Area of the Western Pennyroyal is the largest, comprising over 40 percent of the whole. Most of the terrain is undulating, but some small parts are rolling or even hilly. Subsurface drainage has created limestaone sinks and karst terrain in much of the area. In many places the terrain resembles that of the Inner Bluegrass. The Eastern Pennyroyal is an upland, higher that terrain is rolling, some is undulating; in places it is hilly or karsted, and near streams may be rough or precipitous. There are wide bottoms along the Cumberland River.

THE WESTERN COAL FIELD. This is small region, about onetenth of the state, and is the smaller of the two coal fields. Production of petroleum is also important. Industry is thriving, particularly along the Ohio River. Unlike the Eastern Coal Field, the Western has extensive bottom lands in the valleys of the Ohio, Green and Tradewater Rivers, and many of their tributaries. Oterwise the two regions are similar except that the Western Field is lower and less rugged. Two distinctive subdivisions are shown. The Interior Low Hills and Bottom Lands Area, the larger, consists of the wide bottoms and low terraces of the major streams and tributaries, along with undualating to gently rolling uplands. The Bordering Hilly Uplands Area consists mostly of the high, rugged, hilly rim encircling the lower interior on the east, south and west. There is some rolling terrain and some fairly estensive bottoms.

THE CUMBERLAND-TENNESSEE RIVERS AREA. This is the smallest region but its extent is indefinite. The topography is hilly and rough except for the wide bottoms along the two major streams. The northern two-fifths have more gentle relief. Recreation is becoming an important economic activity.

THE JACKSON PURCHASE. The Purchase is about equal in size to the Knobs and the Western Coal Field. In both elevation and relief it is lower than the other regions of Kentucky, but like most of them, it has a varied surface and several subregions have been recognized. However, only three major areas are shown. The Breaks of the Tennessee River are similar to the Cumberland-Tennessee Rivers Area. The terrain is steeply rolling to hilly, although somewhat less so. Most of the bottom lands of the Tennesse River have been inundated by Kentucky Lake. Industry has begun to develop and recreation is becoming an increasingly important economic activity. The Central Uplands and Bottom Lands Area is largely an upland plain which is mostly undulating to gently rolling, but is also level in places and hilly in others. Rather wide bottom lands border a number of streams, although some are swampy. Industry is important particularly in and about Paduach. The Delta Area is part of the Old South's "Cotton Belt" and is strikingly in contrast to the rest of the Purchase and of Kentucky. It lies wholly in the wide, neat level bottom lands of the Mississippi River.

ECONOMICS AND TRENDS OF AGRICULTURE

Kentucky's argriculture varies from subsistence and part-time farming in the Eastern Mountains, to specialized tobacco and livestock framing in the central part of the state, "Corn Belt" conditions in the Lower Ohio River Valley, particularly in the interior of the Western Coal Field; and tobacco, livestock, small grain, cotton and part-time farming in the southwest and Jackson Purchase. Tobacco is the most important single source of income; however, income from livestock exceeds that from crops.

Three-fourths of the total land area of Kentucky is utilized for agriculture. About one-fourth of the 19.4 million acres in farms is used for harvested crops. Another fourth is in woodland, and the remainder in pasture, farmsteads, and other uses. A large proportion of cropland is in pasture. The averge value of farm land per acre for the state was $81 in 1950, the average size farm is 90 acres.

THE BLUEGRASS REGION. Farming in the Inner Bluegrass is of the intensive-extensive type, largely tobacco and pasture. Raising of horses is important, but sheep and beef cattle are increasing in number. Less land is being used for corn and small grain and more for hay and pasture. The value of farm land is high and many of the farms are large. This is one of the best farming areas in the world. In the Hills of the Bluegrass farm land is the least valuable of the region. Most farms are of the family type, and tend toward subsistence and part-time farming in places. Greater emphases is on livestock grazing than on cropping, although much tobacco is grown. Dairying and poultry production are increasing. In the Outer Bluegrass dairying is quite important, and the production of both dairy and beef cattle is increasing. Crop yields are increasing; more land is being used for hay and pasture, and less for corn and small grain. Burley tobacco is the leading source of income.

THE KNOBS REGION. Farm land is relatively low in value, and the proportion of crop and pasture land is also low. General farming prevails, but part-time farming is increasing greatly, and many farms produce more for home use than for sale. Burley tobacco, dairy and poultry products, some livestock, corn and small grains are sold.

THE EASTERN MOUNTAINS AND COAL FIELD. In the Mountain and Creek Bottom Area farms are small and most are susbsistence, but part-time and residential farms are increasing in number. More than half of the farm owners work for wages off the farm. Corn is the most widely grown crop, but has decreased in importance in recent years. The amount of crops sold per farm is small. Farming is more important in the Plateau Area , although farms are also relatively small with little crop land, and most are owner operated. Tobacco is the chief cash crop, but dairy and poultry products, and some cattle are sold. Employment off the farm is important. In the Escarpment Area the value of farm land is lowest in the state. The very limited farming is mostly subsistence with fewer part-time farms than in the other areas. The number of farms and the amount of land used for farming are both decreasing.

THE PENNYROYAL REGION. Although the land is of only fair value in the Sandston-Shale-Limeston Area, most of it is in farms. Tobacco, of several types, is the important cash crop. Most farms are commercial although they are small with little land used for crops. Cattle, hogs, dairy and poultry products are important. Opportunities for outside employment are limited. The Limestone Area is one of the best agricultural areas of the South. Land value is above the state average, most of the land is in farms, and the farms are relatively large. agriculture and associated activities are the chief means of income. Subsistence and part-time farming are unimportant, and tenancy is decreasing. Mechanized farming is well advanced and a variety of crops are grown. In the Eastern Pennyroyal the value of land is below the state average and the farms are rather small, but average more then half crop land. There is some part-time farming; crop tenancy is high but decreasing. Tobacco is the chief cash crop, but cattle, hogs, dairy and poultry products are sold. Tobacco, cattle, hay and pasture are increasing in importance.

THE WESTERN COAL FIELD. The central part of this region, the Interior Low Hills and Bottom Lands Area, is part of the "Corn Belt" and corn-livestock farming prevails with hogs and beef cattle as important products. Tobacco, of various types, is also a cash crop in the eastern part; elsewhere soybeans and corn are major crops, and small grains are important. Most of the land is in farms and the value of farm land and the proportion of crop land are high. Most farms are commercial and highly mechanized. In the Bordering Hilly Uplands farms small with little crop land, and the value of farm land is about half of the state average. Most farms are subsistence or part-time types, and tobacco is the chief cash crop. Some cattle, calves, hogs, dairy and poultry products are sold, but the volume is small. Farms of all types decreasing in number.

CUMBERLAND-TENNESSEE RIVERS AREA. In this small region farming varies from small-scale subsistence and part-time in the hilly portions, to commercial corn-livestock in the bottom lands. Tobacco is the chief cash crop for the hill farms; livestock for the bottom land farms. Size of farms varies from small to relatively large. Part-time farming is increasing rapidly.

THE JACKSON PURCHASE. Farming in the Breaks of the Tennessee River is similar to that in the Cumberland-Tennese Rivers Area, but largely because the Breaks are accessible, part-time farming is increasing. Most of the land is in farms, but the amount of crop land is small. In the Central Uplands and Bottom Lands Area, part-time farming is increasing rapidly as is the value of farm land, which however, is still below the state average. Farming is relatively small-scale and most farms are owner operated. Production is increasing and income from the sale of livestock exceeds that from crops. Farming is on a large scale in the Delta Area and the vaue of land is high. Tenancy is higher tha elsewhere in the state, and other types of farming are less important. Cotton and soybeans are the chief crops, but beef cattle, hogs, and dairy products are important.

THE SOILS OF KENTUCKY

THE BLUEGRASS REGION Inner Blugrass. Fertile Maury soils, derived from limestones, are dominant in the central portion. Surface soils are brown silt loams, and subsoils are reddish-brown silty clays of good structure and drainage. These soils are high in phosphate and give no crop response to additional phosphate. However, lime and potash are required for the best growth of most crops. Mercer, Loradale and Hagerstown soils largely compse the margin and are scattered throughout the central portion. These soils are not as fertile as the Maury, usually requiring more lime, and the addition of phosphate for comparaable yields. The Mercer soils have mottled, compact lower subsoils high in clay and of poor structure that retards movement of air and water. *Cultivated Crops, 80%; Pasture 18%; Trees, 2%.

Hills of the Bluegrass. Eden soils, the principal ones of the hillsides and narrow ridges, are also the most extensive. They have been derived from interbedded calcareous shales, limestones and siltstones. They are high in lime and potash, and moderately high in phosphate. Most have been eroded to their lower subsoils or parent materials, but farming is continued in the eroded soils and soft parent shales. The Eden soils are yellowish colored, contain much clay, and are rather droughty. Thin slabs of limestone and siltstone are numerous. With proper management Eden soils produce fairly good pasture except during the usual dry period of late summer. Wherever acid siltstone is more abundant than the calcareous shales, the Eden soils are of medium texture, lower fertility, and erode more easily.

On the broader ridges, the main soils are the Nicholson derived chiefly from siltston. Surface soils are grayishbrown, well drained silt loams. The Nicholson soils comprise the greater part of the rotation crop land, but lime and fertilizerare needed for good yields. Fairmount soils occur toward the bottom of some of the steeper slopes. These soils, developed on limestones, are dark colored, stony, high in lime, and are best suited for pasture or trees. The Culleoka soils, derived from a massive calcareous siltstone, are important in Garrard and adjoining counties. They are brownish, friable, soils of medium texture and excellent physical condition except for numerous rock fragments. They also contain less lime and potash than the Eden soils, and erode less readily. *Cultivated Crops, 15%; Pasture, 75%; Trees, 10%.

Outer Bluegrass. The dominant soil series are the Shelbyville and Lowell derived mostly from thin-bedded limestones containing much clay. Surface soils of the Shelbyville are brown, friable, silty clay loams. They are well drained, yields of most crops. The Lowell soils resemble the Shelbyville in color, but subsoils are thinner and higher in clay in the lower part. they are also well drained, but occupy

Among the many less extensive soils, are the Crider and Pembroke slit loams occurring in a fairly wide belt east of Louisville. They have developed in shallow loess and limestone residuum, are reddish to browish colored, occupy gently undulating slopes, and are well drained and productive. Some Cincinnati and associated soils derived from glacial materials occur chiefly in northern Boone County. All of these soils require lime and fertilizer for good yields. Next to the Knobs Region, chiefly in Lincoln, Garrard and Madison Counties occur the Otway soils derived from marl. These produce fairly good pasture, but if the shallow surface soil is lost, the exposed marl produces little other tha Cedar trees. Beasley soils, associated with the Otway, have been derived from marl and limestone. They have reddish subsoils overlying the marl, and with careful management, are suitable for row crops. *Cultivated Crops, 60%; Pasture, 35%; Trees, 5%.

THE KNOBS REGION Rockcastle, Colyer, and Westmoreland soils are dominant on the knob and escarpment slopes. All are thin with frequent outcrops of shale. The Rockcastle and Colyer soils are of low fertility, but the Westmoreland produce fairly good pasture where not too steep.

Grayish, infertile soils largely make-up the floors of the wide valleys neat the outer Bluegrass. Some of these have been derived from shale residuum and others of materials washed from the knobs. Many are wet and require draining; nearly all are acid, except the overflow bottom lands. Scattered among these are some reddish, well drained soils of Hagerstown and similar series derived from limestones and well suited to cultivation. In eastern Lewis County and western Rowan County the parent rocks are largely sandstones and interbedded shales, and Muskingum soils are dominant. *Cultivated Crops, 30%; Pasture, 20%; Trees, 50%.

THE EASTERN MOUNTAINS AND COAL FIELD. Mountain and Creek Bottom Area. Muskingum soils, derived from acid sandstones and shales, are the most extensive. Surface soils are grayish-brown and silty or sandy; subsoils are yellowish, of medium texture, and very thin. The soils are steeps, shallow to rock, and many are stony or shaly. Farming is confined largely to the Pope and associated soils of the narrow bottom lands, and the Jefferson and Muse soils of adjacent lower footslopes. Generally, all of these soils need lime and fertilizer for good yields. Many of the bottom lands need draining, and diversion of seepage water from adjacent slopes. Many footsloes too steep for cultivation along with some scattered upland benches and coves, are suitable for pasture. *Cultivated Crops, 5%; Pasture, 10%; Trees, 85%.

Plateau Area. Muskingum soils are dominant in the steepest parts. Most have been derived more from acid shales and less from sandstones than in the eastern area, and more are silt loams. Wellston soils are dominant in the more extensive rolling and undulating parts, chiefly in Laurel, Whitley, and Knox Counties. These soils are derived from acid shales and sandstones, and have moderately shallow, well developed, yellowish-brown to yellowish-red, silty clay loam subsoils. Associated with them on the more gentle slopes are the less well darined Tilsit soils. Most of the Tilsit and many of the Wellston soils are suitable for of the Wellston, and the less steep ones of the Muskingum are suitable for pasture.

Much of the bottom land along the smaller streams is wet. Some of the soil series along the Cumberland River, such as the Staser, are well drained and productive. *Cultivated Crops, 15%; Pasture, 25%; Trees, 60%.

Escarpment Area. The steep slopes are occupied by Muskingum soils which are thin and shallow. Towards the bottom of the deeper valleys, Westmoreland soils comprise a small amount of land suitable for pasture. The latter soils are darker and more fertile than the Muskingum, and are derived from interbedded shales, sandstones and limestones. Narrow bottoms and footslopes, with a few plateau remnants above the escarpment, represent the very limited portion suitable fro cultivation. *Cultivated Crops and Pasture, 8%; Trees, 92%.

THE PENNYROYAL REGION.

Western Pennyroyal, Sandstone-Shale-Limeston Area. Westmoreland soils, with a small amount of Muskingum and Hector soils, occupy the steeper slopes. Several soil series are important in the parts suited for agriculture. Some, such as the Tilsit, are derived from thin loess over sandstone and shale residuum; Pearman soils resemble the Tilsit, but are partly derived from limestone. Both of these series have mottled, fairly tight lower subsoils. Their well drained counterparts are the Wellston and Christian soils. Poorly drained soils, chiefly the Johnsburg and Mullins series, occupy most of the flat uplands. The undulating to gently rolling uplands are suitable for cultivation with liberal additions of lime and fertilizer. The level, wet lands need draining, and are only fairly productive after addition of lime and fertilizer. Rolling areas suitable for pasture with careful management. There is considerable bottom land, and some of the alluvial soil series, such as the Staser, are well drained and productive. Others, such as the Prader and Atkins, are wet and suited only for hay and pasture unless drained. *Cultivated Crops, 35%; Pasture, 25%; Trees, 40%.

Western Pennyroyal, Limeston Area. Pembroke, Decatur, Crider, and Cookeville soils are dominant in the undulating portions. All are well drained, moderately fertile soils. Surface soils are brownish silt loams, and subsoils are reddish, moderately thick, and high in clay, but of good structure. They are derived from loess and limestone residuum, and are well suited to cultivation, responding well to lime and fertilizer. Baxter and Ashburn soils, derived from cherty limestone, are dominant in the strongly karsted parts and common elsewhere. These are less fertile soils and more difficult to cultivate because of abundant chert and more steep and irregular slopes. Small patches of poorly drained gray Guthrie soils occur in several places. *Cultivated Crops, 75%; Pasture, 15%; Trees, 10%.

Eastern Pennyroyal. This area contains a wide variety of soils differing greatly in their value for agriculture. Westmoreland soils are the most extensive in the rougher parts, in association with Rockcastle, Colyer, and Muskingum soils. All are thin, steep, shaly or stony, and largely nonagricultural. Dickson and Baxter soils, probably the most extensive agricultural one, are derived chiefly from geodic or cherty, impure limestones. Dickson surface soils are grayish-brown silt loams or sandy loams, and subsoils yellowishbrown, of medium texture, compact and mottled, and resistant to the movement of air and water in the lower part. They are of fair value for general farming with the additon of lime and fertilizer. Baxter soils, important on rolling and karsted slopes, are reddish, cherty and well drained. Some are suitable for cultivation and most are of value for pasture. Associated Weon soils resemble soils the Baxter, but are higher in clay and less fertile. Less valuable soils are the Sango, Lawrence, and Guthrie series which occupy flat or depressed areas, and are poorly drained. There are other upland soils sutiable for agriculture, some more fertile than the Dickson and Baxter, but all of lesser extent. The Huntington and some associated soils along the Cumberland River are the most fertile ones. *Cultivated Crops, 35%; Pasture, 25%; Trees, 40%.

THE WESTERN COAL FIELD.

Interior Low Hills and Bottom Lands. Practically all of the upland soils are derived entirely or largely from loess that is over 40 feet thick near the Ohio River in Union County, thinning to 3 feet and less along the southeastern margin. The most extensive soils are the Grenada and Tilsit silt loams which occupy undulating terrain. Both are rather well drained with compact, slowly permeable lower subsoils. The Grenada soils have developed entirely in loess; the Tilsit partly from underlying sandstone and shale. Loring and Manitou soils, similar in origin to the Grenada and Tilsit respectively, are less extensive, occupy rolling terrain, and are well drained. All are suitable for cultivation unless severely eroded or on slopes greater than 12 percent. Manitou and Tilsit soils are of low fertility, the Loring and Grenada somewhat higher, and all respond to lime and fertilizer. Well darined Mephis soils occupy the hilly, deep loess section near the Ohio they are moderately fertile, brown, silty soils of good structure. Most are too steep for cultivation, but are very good for pasture.

Bottom and low terrace soils are extensive and all differ greatly. The better drained Huntington, Lindside, and Morganfield soils are very fertile. In contrast, a large amount of wet Waverly, Atkins, and similar soils, particularly in the Green River Valley, badly need draining to fit them for cultivation. At least half of the lowlands are between these two extremes. *Cultivated Crops, 65%; Pasture, 25%; Trees, 10%.

Bordering Hilly Uplands. Soils of this area are derived from acid siltstones, sandstones, and shales, as a rule thinly covered with loess except on steep slopes. Shallow Muskingum soils, chiefly silt loams and fine-sandy loams, are dominant in the rougher sections. Wellston and Manitou soils are dominant in the rolling portions, and the least extensive Tilsit soils occupy undulating terrain. Tilsit and Manitou soils, along with the Pope and associated soils of the bottom lands, comprise most of the crop land. A portion of the Wellston is suitable for cultivation, but most is better suited for pasture. All soils need lime and fertilizer for good yields. Some bottom soils, such as the Atkins series, need draining. *Cultivated Crops, 25%; Pasture, 30%; Trees, 45%.

THE CUMBERLAND-TENNESSEE RIVERS AREA.

Principal soils are the Brandon, Lax, Mountview and Guin. All have cherty or gravelly subsoils, or underlying materials, and are partly derived from shallow loess. Guin soils are very gravelly and droughty, the Brandon and Mountview are thicker and well drained, while the Lax soils are moderately well darined with compact, slowly permeable lower subsoils just above the gravel beds. All are of low fertility and strongly acid.

Most of the upland soils that are suited for cultivation and pasture are in the northern part of the area where the loess is thickest, and the slopes less steep. The well drained Huntington soils of the bottoms along the Cumberland River are the best agricultural soils. Associated with them are some less well drained and less productive soils, and some that are too wet to be cultivated. *Cultivated Crops, 10%; Pasture, 15%; Trees, 75%.

THE JACKSON PURCHASE.

Breaks of the Tennessee River. The soils of this subregion are similar to those of the Cumberland-Tennessee Rivers Area. More of the uplands are suitable for cultivation, but most of the bottoms have been inundated by Kentucky Lake. *Close to that of the Cumberland-Tennessee Area.

The Central Uplands and Bottom Lands. Most of the upland soils are derived from loess that is about 40 feet thick along the Mississippi River, and thins to about 4 feet near the Breaks. Sand and gravels underlie the loess and outcrop on many of the steeper slopes. The Grenada and Loring, occupying undulatin to rolling terrain, are the most extensive upland soils that are suitable for crops and pasture. The well drailed Memphis soils are important in the deep loess along the western margin. Calloway and Henry soils occur on many of the wetter level uplands, particulary in Calloway County. All of these soils can be farmed to some extent, but much of the Loring and Memphis acreage is too steep for cultivation, and the remainder requires careful management to prevent excessive erosion. Henry soils give poor yields of most crops except during favorable years. All of these soils respond well to lime and fertilizer.

The Collins and Falaya soils are the most extensive ones of the bottom lands. They are silty, moderately well to somewhate poorly drained, and give fairly good yields of corn and hay. Associated with them are the very poorly drained Waverly soils which are too wet for corn and the better hay crops. *Cultivated Crops, 60%; Pasture, 25%; Trees 15%.

The Delta Area. This small area consists entirely of near level soils derived from river sediments. Most of the area is protected from overflow by levees. The soils are highly fertile, and the better drained ones produce excellent crops without the addition of lime or fertilizer. Some of the soils are stratified with sandy layers, and others are of heavy texture. The detialed classification of the Delta soils in Kentucky has not yet been worked out and correlated with that to the south. *Cultivated Crops, 85%; Pasture, 7%; Trees, 8%. *Estimates of Use Suitability.

CLIMATE OF KENTUCKY AND ITS RELATION TO AGRICULTURE

Kentucky's climate is generally temperate, healthful, stimulating and well suited to agricultural and other human activities. The climatic elements of sunlight, heat, moisture, and winds are all in moderation without prolonged extremes. Rainfall is abundant and fairly regular throughou the year, usually as short showers. Heavy snowfalls are rare. The seasons differ markedly, yet warm to cool weather prevails with extremes of heat and cold occuring only in short spells.

The growing season is fairly long, varing from the 210 or more days of the Jackson Purschase in the far southwest, to the 180 days and less of the Eastern Mountains and northernmost areas. The growing season has been as long as 232 days and as short as 149 days. The last killing frost of spring averages April 23 in the Mountains and April 9 in the Purcahse. The first killing frost of autumu is usually by Octover 15 in the Mountains and October 24 in the Purchase. A map below shows the average number of days without killing frost for various parts of Kentucky.

The mean annual rainfall or total precipitiation is 38-40 inches along the upper portion of the Ohio River Valley and increases to 50 inches and more in the south-central part of the state. This rainfall is fairly well distributed throughout the year. During the growing season there is usually enough to sustain crops. Occasionally there is too much, particularly in the spring months that delays planting and cultivation. Late summer is normally the driest part of the year, and sometimes drought is severe although usually local rains prevent completre crop failures. About half of the annual rainfall occurs druing the warm-season months of April through September. Snowfall varies from year to year. The average annual total amount of snow is 10 inches in the extreme southwest to 20 inches in the northeast; falls are usually only a few inches and the ground is seldom snow-covered for more than a few days. Thunderstorms may occur at any time, but are most frequent during March through September. Occasionally hail accompanies these storms, but the average is less than once a year. Precipitation during a 24 hour period as heavy rain is frequently 3 to 4 inches, occasionally 6 inches to as much as 10 inches. A map below shows the distribution of rainfall.

Differences in elevation and terrain among the various regions of the state have little effect on temperature and the weather in general, but the geographic position of Kentucky near the center of the continent allows the mid-winter cold waves from the northwest to be considerably modified before reaching the state.

Winter is usually relatively open with mid-winter days averaging 32 F. in the northern parts, to 40 F. in the southern, for about six weeks duratin. Mid-summber days average 74 F. in the cooler uplands, and 79 F. in the lowlands and southern areas. The average mid-summer daily highs is 85 F. and the night low 66 F. In mid-winter the daily high averages 42 F. and the night low, 26 F. The highest temperature ever recorded was 114 F., but a temperature over 100 F. rarely occurs more than once a year. The lowest temperature ever recorded was -30 F., but a temperature of 0 F. or lower can be expected no more often than once a year.

Winds from the south and west prevail during most months of the year, although during the colder months winds from the north may prevail for short periods. Wind velocity averages 6 to 13 per hour with a maximum of 40 to 60 mph. during storms. Years may pass without a single tornado, then several may visit the state, altough the average is one per year.

Sunshine prevails for an average of at least 52 percent of the year. The percentage of possible sunshine averages 35-45 for the winter months, 50-60 in March and April, and during May through October is 60-70 percent. Of particular interest to the farmer is that 3 out of 5 days average sunny during June, July and August. For the winter months, the ratio is the opposite.

Humidity is moderately high throughout the year. The mornings average about 80 percent over the year. The average for noon and evening is about 60 percent in summer and 70 percent in winter.

MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL IN KENTUCKY in inches

[Map of Kentucky rain level]

After J. R. {unreadable} Length of Control Period, 40 Years

AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS WITHOUT KILLING FROST IN KENTUCKY

[Map of Kentucky frost level]

Data From The U. S. Weather Burea

RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO THE LAND RESOURCES OF KENTUCKY

In Kentucky, the geologic materials exposed on the land surface range from very old to the youngest known. Distribution of the fromations on the surface while varied is not comples, and the small geologic map shown will help in visualizing the pattern.

Extending through the central part of Kentucky, nearly north to south, is an arching-up of the formations called the Cincinnati Arch by geologists. The Arch has influenced greatly the distribution of the rock formations and thus the building of the land surface. In the Bluegrass the Arch rose to its greastest height and leater erosion of this dome has uncovered the oldest formations in the state. These belong to that part of geologic history called the Ordovician Period; most are limestones, some are calcareous shales and siltstones.

Southward from the Bluegrass the Arch sags downward to form a low place or saddle in which lies the Eastern Pennyroyal, then rises again as it continues southward. Down the sides of the ARch--eastward, wouthward, and westward from the Bluegrass--progressively younger formations occur. Mostly because these were lower on the sides of the Arch and the dome they have not worn away as rapidly or as extensively, and the Bluegrass is surrounded by lands of younger formations.

The Knobs Region, encircling the Bluegrass on the east, south and west, is composed of shales, sandstones and some limestones of Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian age, all younger than the Ordovician.

To the east of the Arch, and southeast of the Bluegrass, lies the structural basin of the Eastern Mountains and Coal Field with its still younger formations of Pennsylvanian age. Also known as the Coal Measures these formations are mostly sandstones, conglomerates (pebbly sandstones) shales, and seams of high quality coal. Some formations of Mississippian age are along the western margin.

Westward and southward from the Bluegrass, beneath the surface down the sides of the Arch, is the plateau-like Pennyroyal Region. Formations are of Mississippian age and the region is often called the Mississippian Plateau. Formations range from the predominantly sandstone area surrounding the Western Coal Field, through the Limestone Area, to the mixed acidic and calcareous shales, siltstones and sandstones, and impure limestones of the Eastern Pennyroyal.

The Western Coal Field is part of a structural and topographic basin that extends northward from the western half of the Pennyroyal into the states adjoining Kentucky on the north. Again, formations are chiefly sandstones, conglomerates, shales and coals of the Coal Measures. The extensive valleys of the major streams and larger tributaries were carved in weak shales, later filled with many feet of lake sediments during the Glacial Period, and covered with much fine wind-blown material called loess. This loess also occurs in the higher portions, but thins southeasward.

To the far west of the Pennyroyal lies part of another structural basin called the Gulf or Mississippian Embayment. This basin, now actually an old coastal plain, was once covered by water when the Gulf of Mexico was larger and extended farther north. The old shoreline extends through the Cumberland-Tennessee Rivers Area. Formations of this area are mostly gravels and sands of Cretaceous age, with some cherty limestones of Mississippian age, most with a thin covering of loess. Most of the gravels are poorly cemented, or unconsolidated, and have helped to form a rough terrain.

West of the Tennessee River, and Kentucky Lake, the old coastal plain forms the Jackson Purschase Region, geologically the youngest. Most of the formations are of Tertiary age, and consist of alluvial and marine gravels, sands and clays, covered by loess that deepens toward the Mississippi River. Along Kentucky Lake there are older materials; loose gravels and clays of Cretaceous age, and some impure, cherty limestones of Mississippian age.

Happenings in geologic past have influenced greatly the forming of Kentucky's land resources. The structural position of the geologic materials, along with differences in thickness and hardness, have largely determined the form and extend of the natural regions. These materials, with their diverse chemical and physical characteristics, thier distribution and proportions, have contributed much to the physical and chemical nature of the soils. It is impossible to separate from the agricultural evalution of these soils and their usefulness, a consideration of the geologic history and materials responsible for the present land surface of Kentucky.

GENERALIZED GEOLOGY OF KENTUCKY

[Map of Kentucky]

SUGGESTED REFERENCES: A KEY TO KENTUCKY SOILS. BY W. S. Ligon and P. E. Karraker, Circular 64, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. TYPES OF FARMING IN KENTUCKY. By Bruce Poundstone and W. J. Roth, Bulletin 357, Kentucky Agri. Exp. Sta. (out of print). 1950 U. S. CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE, KENTUCKY, VOLUME ONE, PART 19. Bureau of the Census, U. S. Department of Commerce. CLIMATE AND MAN, 1941 YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE. U. S. Department of Agriculture.

THE AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF KENTUCKY ACKNOWLEDGES THE INDISPENSABLE COOPERATIBE ASSISTANCE OF VARIOUS AGENCIES, GROUPS AND INDIVIUALS IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS "LAND USE SUITABILITY MAP OF KENTUCKY:"

The Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. of Agri. furnished the soils and land use data on which the map is based. Compilation of these data has been under the direction of Mr. W. W. Carpenter, SCS, Soil Scientist for Kentucky.

Dr. Wm. S. Ligon, Prin. Soil Corr., Soil Survey, SCS, Mr. W. W. Carpenter, and Prof. P. E. Karraker, Head, Soils Section, Ky. Agri. Exp. Sta., prepared the text on the soils of the various regions. They have also assisted in the overall development of the map and legend.

The Land Use Suitability Classification was developed by Mr. Carpenter, Dr. Ligon, Prof. Karraker, and Mr. Sheridan L. Hall, Geographer, of the Board.

Drs. Aubrey J. Brown and John F. Bondurant, Dept. of Agri. Econ., Ky. Agri. Exp. Sta., prepared the material on economics and trends of agriculture in Kentucky.

Dr. J. R. Schwendman, Head, Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Ky., and Dir., Ky. Geol. Sur., and D. J. Jones, State Geologist, advised on geologic data incorporated in the map, and the geologic text and reference map.

The Kentucky Agricultural Council lent engouragement to the project and is to cooperate in the distribution of the map.

The cartographic design and format is the work of Mr. Hall of the Board, who has also supervised preparation and publication.

Earl R. Muir, Chairman

Joseph H. Taylor, Executive Director

AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVEPMENT BOARD OF KENTUCKY

Lawrence W. Wetherby, Governor COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY