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NOTES AND QUERIES.
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Answers to Correspondents.
When was paper first used? HARRY T.
The earliest mention of linen rags as a ma-
terial for making paper occurs in an account
written by an Arabian physician, Abdollatiph,
of a visit he made to Egypt, in the year 1200,
in which he states that the linen cloth "found
in the catacombs, and used to envelop mum-
mies, was sold to the scribes to make paper
for shopkeepers." The oldest known piece
of linen paper in existence is in the monas-
tery of Goss, in Upper Styria. It is a mandate
of Frederic II., Emperor of the Romans, and
is dated 1242. Power, in his "Handy Book
About Books," states that "a charter on paper
of the year 1230 is in existence, but Mont-
faucon could find nothing earlier than 1270.
Haydn ascribes the first manufacture of
paper in England to Speilman, and gives the
date 1590 as that of the erection of the first
paper mill. There is, however, in the "Land
Revenue Records" mention of one which ap-
pears to have been in operation before that
date. The entry is as follows: "Fencliften,
co. Cambridge. Lease of a water mill, called
Paper Mills, late of the Bishopric of Ely, to
John Grange, dates 14th of July, 1591 (34th
Elizabeth)." The earliest allusion to paper-
making in England occurs in an entry in the
privy purse expenses of Henry VII., dated
May 25, 1498, published in the Excerpta His-
torica: "For a rewarde geven at the paper
mylne 16s. 8d." This "paper mylne" is sup-
posed to have been erected at Stevenage, in
Hertfordshire, by John Tate. Nicholls, in
his "Progresses of Queen Elizabeth," has re-
printed a poem dated 1588, entitled "A De-
scription and Playne Discourse of Paper, and
the whole Benefits that Paper brings, with
Rehearsall and setting foorth in Verse a
Paper Myll built near Darthford by an high
Germaine called Master Spilman, Jewelled to
the Queene's Majestie, 1588." The "myll" ap-
pears to have been of some magnitube, for
we read that
"Six hundred men are set to work by him
That else might starve, of see abroad
their bread,
Who now live well, and go full brave and
trim,
And who may boast they are with paper
fed."
What is the difference between a buffalo
and a bison? B. D. ROBINSON
The buffalo is an Old World animal, and the
bison is an American product. The distinc-
tion between the former and the bison is its
close resemblance to the common ox.
Which mountains are the newest?
B. D. ROBINSON
The highest ones. This is easily understood
when it is remembered that all mountains and
mountain chains are the result of upheavals
and that the violence of the outbreak must
have been in proportion to the strength of
the resistence. When the crust of the earth
was so thin that the heated masses within
easily broke through it they were not thrown
to so great a height and formed comparatively
low elevations, such as the Canadian Hills or
the mountains of Bretagne and Wales. But
in later times, when young, vigorous giants,
such as the Alps, the Himalayas or, later still,
the Rocky Mountains, forced their way out
from their fiery prison-house the crust of the
earth was much thicker, and the convulsions
attending their exit must have been fearful.
--------------------------------
Will you please tell me when and where
the song "Maryland, My Maryland," was
written? SONG.
The author, James R. Randall, is a native
of Baltimore. In April 1861, he was a pro-
fessor of English literature and the classics,
in Poydras College, at Pointe Coupee, on the
Fausse Riviere, in Louisiana, about seven
miles from the Mississippi. There, in the
New Orleans Delta, he read account of the
attack on the Massachusettes troops as they
passed along Pratt street on the 19th instant.
According to his own account, "the startling
event inflamed his mind." About midnight,
he rose, lit a candle, went to his desk and
struck off, at fever heat, the poem. He read
the poem the next morning to the college
boys, and, at their suggestion, sent it to the
Delta, in which it was first printed, and from
which it was copied into nearly every South-
ern journal. The air to the song, which is
that of an old German lyric, "Oh Tanne-
baum, Oh Tannebaum," was affixed to this
song or poem of Randall's by Miss Hetty
Cary, now the wife of Prof. H. Newell Mar-
tin of the Johns Hopkins University.
"Lauriger Horatius," an old college song, has
also long been sung to the same air.

Explain the meaning of the Barye
stauary, in Mt. Vernon Square. MAC.
The four groups are Peace, War, Order
and Force. War is represented by a stal-
wart man laying his hand on a sword,
a boy full of the thoughtlessness of ex-
treme youth blowing gaily a trumpet,
and by a horse--man's chosen comrade in
war. It has at once the alert and re-
poseful look befitting the statuary of
the best sort. In each group the animal
is recumbent and forms the lower plane,
being disposed in a semi-circle around
man and boy. The horse of war, with
ears pricked up, looks out from the side
of the seated man. In Force, the lion
holds much the same position. THis is a
sleepy lion lulled by the poppues of peace
into that state of gentleness in which a
child can drive him hither and thither.
Very different is the tiger in the group
called Order. Here it typifies the per-
verse--the Communards, the Anarchists
and the fishers in troubled waters. Forced
to remain quiet the sanguinary beast
opens wide its mouth in a roar of rage.
The bull in the group named Peace rep-
resents the peasantry and the laboring
classes generally, and the determined,
but quiet attitide of the man means
that he typifies the force of good gov-
ernment, which gestures are quiet but expres-
sive. Peace, as said, represents the man,
boy with flute, and bull at rest, so that
they form an idyl in stone in the original
in the Cour du Carrousel, Louvre, where
it is mounted with the rest high up on a
pedestal out of view, and lost in the
great amount of ornamentation: while in
Baltimore they are within easy reach of
the eye of the examiner, but the critic
beleives they were better mounted up
up against a wall. In Order, the group is
extremely reposeful, with exception of
the tiger. War is energized by the up-
lifted elbow of the man whose hair is
crowned with laurels, and by the fine
movement of the trumped in the boy's
hands. Yet, even in the War group the
horse merely raises its heads and pricks
its ears. Force is calmness itself--
the lion is as quiet as a purring cat, the
little boy reflective as he props chin on
hand, the man thoughtful and merely
indicative of the power throguh the
magnificent muscles displayed by the arm
that holds a stick. With the group is
also a bronze duplicate of the "Seated
Lion of the Quay Gate at Louvre," cast
like the rest of Barbedienne, as was also
a group of military courage at the west
end of the square, sculptures by Dubois.
This description is from Charles De
Kay's "Life and Works of Bayre, the
Sculptor." The groups were dedicated in
Baltimore in February, 1885.

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