Box 27, Folder 1: Geographical and Topographical Description of Wisconsin, 1844

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[Index page; Printed circular and hand written].

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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1844, by Increase A. Lapham. In the clerk's office of the District Court, in the Third Judicial District of the Territory of Wisconsin.

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118

Geology-Mineral District

"Beneath the cliff limestone is a thin stratum of blue limestone, and this rests on a body of brown sandstone. As one goes from the southern townships of Wisconsin towards the north, this blue limestone is observed to become higher and higher in the hills, and the lead diggings to be every where above it. Through the sandstone rocks comes out in bold bluffs on the sides of the hills no veins of ore are ever found in them; but in the cliff limestone above, they are found, though the rock and its fissures lie hid under a great depth of soil.

"These fissures are of every degree of width, from fifty feet down to thin cracks; all of them do not contain ore; the large chambers when they have any [fissures] mineral in them, are lined to the walls with a [thin] coating of lead ore, seldom over a foot thick while the interior is filled with clay. Sometimes across the crevices run horizontal layers of galena; and again it crosses in loose "chunks" in the clay of the fissures or of the soil above, and again it runs in a vertical sheet down, it still again filling narrow fissures in the appearance of a

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381 Streams

Koshkonong creek lies chiefly in Dane County, having its source about eight miles north east from Madison, and running nearly parallel with the Catfish along the east line of the county, enters Lake Koshkonong (hence its name) in Jefferson county. It receives the waters of two or three small lakes; and its length is about thirty five miles.

Sugar river takes its rise in the western part of this county, its head branches approaching near those of the Black Earth creek which runs in an opposite direction from the great dividing ridge and enters the Wisconsin at Arena in Iowa county.

Madison is the only village of any size or importance in this county, though a great many others have been laid out and some of them may hereafter be built up. [among them are the "City of]

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414

Crawford Co.

Crawford county was first established by the legislature of Michigan October 16th, 1818, and then included all the country west of a line drawn north and south through the middle of the Wisconsin Portage. The population in 1830 was 692; in 1836 it was 854; in 1838 it was 1220; in 1840 it was 1502; and in 1842 (omitting officers & soldiers at Fort Crawford) it was 1449.

In 1840 there were 366 horses, 808 meat cattle, 666 swine, 2 lumber yards, 1 grist mill, & 5 saw mills. The crops raised were 2092 bushels of wheat, 32 of barley, 9299 of oats, 497 of rye, 104 of buckwheat, 5257 of Indian corn, and 7522 of potatoes. 553 tons of hay, & 27,800 dollars worth of skins & furs.

During the year 1842 a road was opened from Prairie du Chien, the seat of justice situated [at] near the mouth of the Wisconsin, by way of the Falls of the Black and Chippewa rivers to La Pointe on Lake Superior under the direction of A. Bronson Esq.

The south part of Crawford county consists of a ridge running north and south on which the waters of the Mississippi and

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