Botany : specially written to meet the requirements of teachers' D, matriculation, public service entrance, intermediate and pharmacy A examinations

PRACTICAL WORK.

Teachers' D.--The certificate, a form for which may be obtained from the Education Department, should show that the candidate has taken (1) a course extending over two or more years at a Secondary School, the Secondary Department of a District High School or a Technical High School, or (2) an approved course for teachers arranged by an Education Board. In either case, not less than forty hours must be devoted to individual practical work by the candidates themselves.

Public Service Entrance, Intermediate, etc.--The certificate should show a one year's course at least, as provided at a Secondary School, or in the Secondary Department of a District High School, or in a Technical High School. OF this course not less than thirty hours must be devoted to individual practical work by the candidates themselves.

Matriculation.--Every candidate must forward to the Registrar of the University before the examination a certificate from the principal of his school that he has carried out satisfactorily a course of practical work based on the syllabus, provided that a candidate who is unable to comply with this condition may, with the permission of the Chancellor, submit his notebook of practical work to the principal of some Secondary or Technical School approved by the Chancellor for the purpose.

Pharmacy A.--No certificate required.

PAGE Chapter I.--Organs of Flowering Plants .. .. 11 Vegetative Organs .. .. .. .. 12 Reproductive Organs .. .. .. .. 20 Summary .. .. .. .. .. 25 Questions .. .. .. .. .. 26

Chapter II.--The Seed and Germination .. .. 27 Preliminary .. .. .. .. .. 27 Seeds .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 Germination .. .. .. .. .. 39 Phenomena of Germination .. .. .. 43 Escaping from the Cover .. .. .. 45 Summary .. .. .. .. .. 48 Questions .. .. .. .. .. 49

Chapter III.--The Root .. .. .. .. 52 Tropisms .. .. .. .. .. 55 Arrangement of Tissues .. .. .. 67 Types of Roots .. .. .. .. 70 Chemical Constituents of Plants .. .. 74 The Soil .. .. .. .. .. 77 Nitrogen Absorption.. .. .. .. 81 Water Cultures .. .. .. .. 84 Summary .. .. .. .. .. 86 Questions .. .. .. .. .. 87

Chapter IV.--The Stem .. .. .. .. 90 Arrangement of Tissues .. .. .. 90 Types of Stems .. .. .. .. 93 Buds .. .. .. .. .. .. 105 Roots and Stems .. .. .. .. 107 Reserve Materials .. .. .. .. 107 Summary .. .. .. .. .. 109 Questions .. .. .. .. .. 111

Chapter V.--The Leaf .. .. .. .. 113 Structure .. .. .. .. .. 116 Photosynthesis .. .. .. .. 118 Respiration .... .. .. .. .. 125 Comparison of Respiration and Photosynthesis .. 127 Transpiration .. .. .. .. 127 Leaf Forms .. .. .. .. .. 137 Foliage Leaves and Seed Leaves .. .. 144 Summary .. .. .. .. .. 145 Questions .. .. .. .. .. 147 8

PAGE Chapter VI.--Flower and Fruit .. .. .. 149 Pollination .. .. .. .. .. 161 Inflorescences .. .. .. .. .. 173 The Fruit .. .. .. .. .. 178 Seed Dispersal .. .. .. .. 184 Summary .. .. .. .. .. 187 Questions .. .. .. .. .. 190

Chapter VII.--The Struggle for Existence .. .. 192 Hydrophyte Societies .. .. .. .. 195 Xerophyte Societies .. .. .. .. 198 Xerophytic Hydrophyte Societies .. .. 201 Mesophyte Societies .. .. .. .. 204 Successions .. .. .. .. .. 212 Summary .. .. .. .. .. 214 Questions .. .. .. .. .. 215

Chapter VIII.--Plant Description .. .. .. 217 Dicotyledons .. .. .. .. .. 220 Ranunculaceæ .. .. .. .. 220 New Zealand Representatives .. .. 224 Common Examples .. .. .. .. 224 Cruciferæ .. .. .. .. .. 225 New Zealand Representatives .. .. 228 Common Crucifers .. .. .. .. 229 Leguminosæ .. .. .. .. .. 229 New Zealand Representatives .. .. 232 Introduced Plants .. .. .. .. 233 Rosaceæ .. .. .. .. .. 234 New Zealand Examples .. .. .. 236 Common Examples .. .. .. .. 237 Myrtaceæ .. .. .. .. .. 238 New Zealand Representatives .. .. 240 Introduced Plants .. .. .. .. 240 Umbelliferæ .. .. .. .. .. 240 New Zealand Examples .. .. .. 243 Common Umbellifers .. .. .. .. 243 Compositæ .. .. .. .. .. 244 Commercial Products .. .. .. 247 New Zealand Examples .. .. .. 247 Monocotyledons .. .. .. .. 248 Liliaceæ .. .. .. .. .. 249 New Zealand Examples .. .. .. 251 Introduced Liliaceous Plants .. .. .. 252 Graminaceæ .. .. .. .. .. 252 New Zealand Examples .. .. .. 254 Introduced Grasses .. .. .. .. 254 Common Flowers .. .. .. .. 255 Questions .. .. .. .. .. 258 Index .. .. .. .. .. .. 259

PAGE Vegetative Organs .. 17 Reproductive Organs .. 22 Seeds .. .. .. 35 Germination .. .. 41 Escaping from the Cover .. 47 Geotropism .. .. 57 Hydrotropism .. .. 59 Root Hairs .. .. 63 Sections of Roots .. 68 Roots .. .. .. 71 Breathing Roots and Young Plants of Mangrove .. .. 73 Plant and Soil .. .. 83 Mustard Plants grown in culture solutions .. 85 Stem Structure .. .. 91 Kauri .. .. .. 95 Climbing Plants .. .. 98 Broadleaf growing as an epiphyte .. .. 100 Thick aërial rata roots epiphytic on rimu .. 102 Stem Modifications .. 104 Arrangement of Leaves .. 115 Leaf Structure .. .. 119 Photosynthesis .. .. 123 Transpiration .. .. 129 Adaptions .. .. 135 Leaf Forms .. .. 139 Veining and Margins .. 141 Placentation .. .. 157 Flower and Pollination .. 167 Pollination .. .. 171 Bracts and Indefinite Inflorescences .. .. 175

PAGE Fruiting head of piri-piri .. 177 Definite Inflorescences .. 178 Dry Fruits .. .. 180 Fruits .. .. .. 183 Seed Dispersal .. .. 186 Flax swam near New Brighton .. .. 197 Sub-alpine Scrub, Stewart Island .. .. 200 Sand-dune near mouth of the Rangitikei River .. 201 Bog, Stewart Island--chiefly umbrella fern .. 202 Tussock grass-land of Malvern Hills, Canterbury .. 204 Rain Forest (kauri), North Auckland .. .. 206 Rain Forest, Stewart Island 207 Exterior view of southernbeech forest of dry district 208 Interior of southern-beech forest of wet district .. 209 Alpine meadow .. .. 211 Ranunculacea .. .. 223 Cruciferæ .. .. 227 Leguminosæ .. .. 231 Rosaceæ .. .. 235 Myrtaceæ .. .. 239 Umbelliferæ .. .. 241 Compositæ .. .. 245 Vegetable Sheep, Mt. Torlesse 248 Liliacea .. .. 250 Graminaceæ .. .. 253

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CHAPTER I.

ORGANS OF FLOWERING PLANTS. All living things, whether plants or animals, must do work and carry out certain processes in order that they may continue to live and remain healthy and vigorous. Consider for a moment one of the higher animals such as the horse or sheep. It must eat, breathe, digest its food, and carry out a hundred other processes necessary to its welfare. Each part of its body is built to suit exactly the particular kind of work required of it: the lungs do the breathing, the stomach helps in digestion, and the heart pumps the blood to every part of the animal. Such special parts of a living thing which thus do speak work, or, in other words, carry out special functions, are called organs, and the individual to which they belong is an organism.

Plants no less than animals are organisms, for they too have their organs, each adapted to its particular work. The root obtains food from the soil and the leaf secures food from the air, while the stem forms a highway of communication between the two.

It must not be supposed that every organism has a variety of organs, for the term embraces everything that carries out the functions of life, and thus includes even the lowliest plants and animals. Bacteria, for instance, among plants, and the amœba among animals consist of but a single cell. This cell breathes, gathers

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