Notebook: Roger B. Farquhar, 1852-1853

Lecture 25th Combustion and the Nomenclature There are two things attending combustion 1st the diminution of burning body and 2nd the comsumption of oxygen. In combustion there is nothing lost or produced a new combination is formed. Combustion as before stated consists in the union of oxygen with the burning body, the temperature being raised. Animal life is dependant upon oxygen. Products of combustion are such as [remain?] after the substance has been burnt, when a candle is burned its products are carbonic acid in water; carbonic acid was discovered in 1786 by Dr. Black; Hydrogen was discovered by Cavendish in the year 1766; In 1772 Dr. Rutherford discovered nitrogen, and in 1774 Dr. Priestley discovered oxygen. Chemistry therefore as a science commenced near the close of the last century. Phosphorus burns beautifully in hot water with with a supply of oxygen. There are two things necessary to combustion, temperature and oxygen. To Lavoisier we are indebted for the nomenclature, all the metals end in um as Platinum; the earths and akalies end in a; The surporters of Combustion except oxygen end in ine, when they unite with metals they end ide. When a simple Non metallic combines with a metal it ends in [emit?]. When an acid ends in ous it is weak of the 1st degree, when it ends in ie, it is strong of the 2nd degree as nitrous, nitric; a salt is when an acid is united to a base, when the base is united to a strong acid the salt ends in [ale?], but when the acid is weak it terminates in ite. Hydrogen is the base of water and is always procured by the decomposition of that fluid, the name hydrogen is derived from two Greek words signifying to produce water. To obtain this gas put granulated zinc or Iron filings in the retort then pour in diluted Sulphuric acid, the oxygen of the water combines with the zinc or iron forming an oxide, the acid then combines with this forming a salt sulphate of Zinc or Iron and the hydrogen of the.

water is set free in the form of gas

Lecture 26th

Hydrogen Definite proportions and Compound blow pipe

Hydrogen is the lightest substance known being 14 times lighter than air and and 16 time lighter than oxygen also 2000 times lighter than mercury and 300,000 times lighter than platina

When Hydrogen and oxygen are burnt it forms water which is [composed? [comprised?] by weight 8 O + 1 H and by volume 2 H + 1 O; When this gas is burnt in a tube it produces what are termed musical sounds, different size tubes produce different sounds some acute and some grave

All bodies combine in definite proportions or numbers. Dr.[?] Dalton explains it by assuming that the union of bodies in their smaller proportions always takes place between the atoms of which they are composed

There are three laws which govern these combinations. 1st The composition of all bodies are fixed and invariable. 2nd when two substances unite in more than one proportion the second or third proportions are multiples of the first by a whole number 3rd all bodies unite in proportional numbers.

Compoud blowpipe. The mouth blowpipe had been used long before the disscovery of the Compoud blow pipe. The latter was invented by Dr. Hare of Phila in 1800 It produces an intense heat. The metals are melted like was and even volatilized. This great heat is produced by the union of oxygen with Hydrogen the chemical condensation taking place. Iron and steel burn most beautifully so does Tin its flame being blue

Lecture 27th Hydrogen, Water and Steam

An atmosphere that will not support flame will not support life, Hydrogen is not instantly deleterious to life. Montgolfier first asended in a balloon he heated the air, the only improvement that has been made is to fill the balloon with Hydrogen gas. the Lecturer thinks they will never be able to guide a balloon in the air.

Mr. McCain in 1776 in burning Hydrogen found that water was the product and since Priestly Lavoiser and others have proved that water was an oxide of Hydrogen:

Water possesses great absorbing powers dissolving nearly all the salts [&c. ?] It lets solar and not culinary heat pass through it.

Water by heat is converted into an elastic vapor and on removing the heat it looses the elasticity: Hero made an engine 120 years before the Christian era to move by steam having a tube with orifices on opposite sides and the resistance making it turn. In 1629 Brancas machine was made, it moved by having a stream of steam striking against a wheel. Hurrah! for America John Fitch of this country was the first person who applied steam to navigation on the Delaware, after him Robert Fulton made successful experiments on the hudson river having received more aid than his predecessor. Steam was first employed at the coal mines of England where horsesmen 1st used -1 horse power's 33,000 lbs raised 1 ft per minute. The power of the steam engine always is reckoned in this manner.

The quantity of heat in all bodies at any temperature is the same it being latent or free, water always contains [1212?] degrees of heat both latent and free--

In 1689 Savery invented an engine for raising the water out of mines, it raised it 33 feet. In 1705 [Newcorner?]

frequently in a gargue which singnifies any substance in which a chrystal is embeded To attain the [dr] diamonds, when [dr] square their weight in grams and multiply by f and then [dr] will be their value in pounds stating why [dr] their weight and multiply by s & the product will be their value in the starting. shillanges diamond was attained by the English army from a noble man in India where the former went waging war with that country, it is the size of a large egg weighing 11 0z. It was a present in Queen Victoria, it is called the mounain of [dr] an [dr] of it [dr] which is caused by its absorbing light, it was exchanged at the worlds fair: the must larger is in the Russian [dr] the size of a precious egg; it was the eye of an idol in India and was [dr] by a man who was believed to be worsipping the idol and a glass vase. being put in its stead, he [dr] in to a captain for 2500 pounds he sold it to a [Dr] for 10000 pounds, he [dr] well aree[dr] with his Jasmine [dr], to the empress Catherine for 90,000 pounds and a annualy of 1000 pounds per year during his life. the diamond is used for famous panhoses, [dr] if useful in wather and chrometirs to [dr] the prechoir it is used to cut flass, it does not go through the glass byt removes a now of padely and is cracks through the [dr] and also as an ornament and to protect substances, next to the diamond, charcol is [dr] here to fore no difference between them has been found except the diamond is chrystlaized. Charcoal's prevalence from [dr] which is composed of the argon oxygen and carbon by heating the volatile protiens [dr] black is carbon and is what remains after [dr] and [dr] are burnt.