Farfel Research Notebooks

Joannes Balbus Januensis - Catholicon -DeWitt Starnes PA 2353 Ref. 57 - combined the works of Papias + Ugnitio 4 sections devoted to - Orthographia, Ethimologia Diasintasties, Prosodia. Its availability, owing to frequent printings, made it one of the most influential books of the 15th C. The Catholican is not a classical dictionary; it is medieval. The Catholicon is a basic source for the Proptorium, as it seems to have been for most lexicons, Latin + bilingual in the 2nd half of the 15 C.

Promptorium parvulorum (ca 1440) - our earliest English Latin dictionary - there are 6 manuscripts + at least 5 early printed editions, dating from 1499 to 1528 Richary Pynson - small folio 115 leaves Wynkyn de Worde editions - 1510, 16, 28.

Ugucio - Hugo (Hugutio) of Pisa (d. 1210) his dictionary - 1 Magnae derived largely from Isidore's Origines + Papias 2 Elementarium doctrinae rudimentum (ca. 1060) Magnae - never printed, though much of it is incorporated in the Catholicon Dictionarius (ca. 1220) of John of Garland (12th C) - born in England

British Museum Ecclesiastical History of the English People - Bede 8th C Historia Britorum 12 C Anglo Saxon Chronicle 11 C Historia Anglorum 12 C Henry Huntington Gesta Regum Anglorum 12 C by William

Catchwords (XII C. on) quire - 4, 6, or more leaves foliation (XIII C. on) pagination XV C.)

Johann Otmar 1479 - began to print at Reutlingen. He Colin Clair 1479 produced 5 books dated 1482, but 3 others are inferentially dated between 1479-80. Otmar printed at Reutlingen until 1495, + in 1498 had a press at Tubingen. - earliest books which contain Otmar's name are: Menniken's Formulae epistolum of 1422. Conetanz Breviary Sept 1482 (H. 3828). - last date in book at Reutlingen is 1495. - 1st book signed at Tubingen is the Paulus Scriptor, in librum primum Santentiarum of March 24, 1498.-

- Otmar of Reulingen, having printed many books at Reutlingen + Tubingen between 1479-1501 went to Augsburg after 1501, where he published the 1st book from his third press in 1502. Continued printing until 1515.

Weller Repertorium typographicum (1864) Ref Z2222 P19 Vol. 3 #222 Herbarium zu tentsche Augsburg: Hanns Otmar for Johann Rennman, 1508. 239 leaves, folio. Weller 4074 Cop Muchen, Panzer Zufatze 109 Z apf II, 36 Muthen p 163 #975. Choulant p. 254 Nr. 22 The earliest woodcuts date from the end of the 14th C - religious pictures + playing cards ealry woodcuts coloured by hand - attempts at printing colors were made in the 2nd 1/2 of the 15th C - chiaroscuno method.

Bartuda Rotunda Textura Gothic

Textura - based on the German adaptation of the Carolingian minuscule + basically the same as that used by Gutenberg.

woodcutting - block of wood cut along the grain Haarlem in the Netherlands + Strassburg on the Rhine both compete with Mainz to be the birthplace of printing. The 16th C saw the rise of the writing onaster whose aim it was to spread the art of fine writing by advertising its beauty + utility.

879.8 I 812 V. 1+2 W.M. Lindsay Isidori Hispalensis Episcopi -Completed 623 Etymologiarum Sive Originum Liber XI - De Homine et Portentis XII - De Animalibus XIII - De Mundo et Partibus XIV - De Terra et Partibus XV - De Aedificiis et Agris XVI - De Lapidibus et Metallis See #95 *XVII - De Rebus Rusticis XVIII - De Bello et Ludis XIX - De Nauibus, Aedificiis et Vestibus Liber XX - de mensis, de potu, de vasis potatorii de vasis vinariis et aquariis, de vasis oleirius, etc

Liber I - De Grammatica II - De Rhetorica et Dialectica III - De Mathematica IV - De Medicina V - De Legibus et Temporibus VI - De Libris et Officiia Ecclesiasticis VII - De Deo, Angelis et Sanctis VIII - De Ecclesia et Sectis IX - De Linguis, Gentibus, Regnis, Militia, Civibus Affinit atibus. X - De Vocabulis

for nearly 1000 years the Spanish bishop's encyclopedia preserved for medieval western Europe the modes of thought + the factual knowledge of the ancient world of which it is a primary source. More than a 1000 manuscripts have survived, + its early appearance in print shows its undiminished appeal down to the 17th C. Later encyclopedias such as the Catholicon derived much of their material from Isidore. This is the 1st book to contain a printed map or diagram of the whole world.

Incunabula - the 40,000 editions contain the accumulated wisdom - and stupidities - of the previous 2000 years. 75% printed in Latin - of vernacular books - about = German + Italian

1) invention of writing (about 3000 - 2500 BC in Sumeria + Egypt, about 1500 BC in China) - Near + Far East 2) invention of the alphabet by the phoenicians in about 1200 BC - Mediteranean area 3) Printing - European discoveries 4)Computer - Spacesignatures - a German invention - usual practice was to mark the gatherings with small letters + the sheets of the gatherings with Roman numerals very often however with gothic letters. register - index catchwords - the reproducing of the 1st word of a new page at the foot of the preceding - occur exceptionally in incunabula + only during the last years of the 15th C. - were placed only at the end of gatherings or like signatures at the end of the double sheets. Pagination was preceded by the insertion of catchwords. Such catchwords occur for the 1st time in the Tacitus printed by John of Spier at Venice in 1469.

Signature the letter or figure appearing on the 1st page of a sheet (usually of 16 or 32 pages) which acts as a guide in gathering the sheets before binding.

font (fount) derived from the same root as teh verb found meaning to melt + pour metal.

Between 1513 + 1524, eight varieties of Fraktur Type were cut 1) (Fraktur, meaning "broken", is the 4th of the bastarda or vernacular types used in Germany, the other being 2) Schwabacker, 3) Upper Rhine + 4) Wittenberg.)

Colophon - The final closing stone - Greek Temple. Sheepskin - parchmetn Calfskin - Vellum - still born calf uterine vellum - finest 2 thinest.

The Tecord Interpreter - A Collection of Abbreviations Ref. ZIIII M23 Latin Works + Names

elongated nibz = nibus 3 or a certain variety of z ending below the line + hugging the letter preceding it sometimes represented by a character resembling a modern q or n above the line - in early German books - it stands also for as and ass title qz q3 = que (or quod, quis or qusm) ta = tam nata = natura pnuntiatione = pronunt q = que c = con ca = contra qndo = quando p = per (par, pir, por, pur) ppl'i = populi pp ter = propter p= pre aut = autem b; = bus p e=est = with usq = usque q or q = quam pm9 = prima q or q = qui uno qz = unoquoquo q = quae qd = quod peccat or 4 = peccatorum (ram, ras, res + ris) ei = eri dni = domini xpm = istrum p7 = post nnos = nostros xpi = christi s = sunt fpr = spiritus h = hasc y= u x = ver y = etiam fcof = sanctos % = est qd = quod bfi (beati) g6 (ipitur) nob = nobis dci (dicti) =n (enim) p = pro fu (frater) y = 150 h = hoc nr (noster fz = sed qm (quoniam) u = vero qn (quands) g = ergo tm (tantum) c = cum tn (tamen) n = non

Capital letters were only 23 in number - V served for U, I for J + W was not needed in a Latin book.

as far as number of editions printed in the 15th C, the Bible was easily outshipped by publications chiefly intended for school use - Postrinale, Ars minor.

Before the printing appeared, 2 gread faces already had begun to dominate European intellectual life: religious reformation + humanism. Both of these movements were served well by the new craft, but religion was foremost in the subject matter of incunabula. According to one estimate, nearly 1/2 of the 40,000 titles + editions issued between 1450-1500 were of a religious character with Bibles leading. (133 editions of the Later Vulgate version - printed in 15C) Updike 15C Gothic types 1) Pointed (lettre de forme) formal - Fracktur A. 2) Round (lettre de somme) less formal 3) Vernacular Cursive black letter like the French batarde intended primarily. Roman B. (Called in Germany Antiqua) 1) Transitional 2) pure roman.

for printing books in German - later known as schwabacker - looped b, d, h, l the tailed f + s are characteristic.

$12.50 The Book Douglas McMurtrice 1943 f655 M16

Encyclopedias - Middle Ages #238 Pliny's Natural History #95 Isidore's Etymologius #151 Vincent of Beauvais - Mirrors #239 Bartholomaews Anglieus - The Properties of Things W. Orcutt Z 155 .065 - contains facsimile of page with type similar to mine - Filippo de Lavagna - banished from Milan for homicide in 1465 - pardon granted him on Dec. 16, 1469. Aug. 3, 1471 - printing first introduced into Milan by Antonio Zarotti, (d. 1510) a native of Parma - issued his Festus, De verborum siginificatione, - COla Montano on Aug 6, 1473 joined with Lavagna + Christo foro Valderfer, of Ratisbon, in a new partnership.

Osler - Incunabula Medica (1467-1480) Z 1008 B 581 #19 Bender Brunet - Manual du libraire Gesant bataly de Wiegendrncke

#16 - Pacificus of Cerano (or of Novara) 1424-1482 - Fanciscan Pacificus Ramota was born at Cermo, diocese of Novara, + became a Friar Minor in 1445. He excelled both as a popular preacher + as a writer of moral theology, his Summa Pacifita [inserted] hs is buried at Cerano. [end inserted] being much used by his conteporaries. 1452-71 he was missioner to the Italian country population, tala on he was sent by Sixtus IV + various monasteries in matters of reform. also to preach the crusade against the Turks "A casuistic treatise for confessors"

Mainz 1454 1454 Germany Strassburg 1459 1465 Italy Bamberg 1461 1468 Switzerland Koln 1466 1470 France Augsburg 1468 1473 Holland 1473 Belgium Nurnberg 1470 1473 Austria - Hungary Speier 1471 1474 Spain Ulm 1473 1477 England Lubeck 1475

Basal (Swiss since 1501) Berthold Ruppel * Johann Amerbach * Johann Froben * Johannes Oporimus 1543 Vesalius De humani corporis fabrica 667 pages roman type

control of Archbishopi of Mainz {struggle waged from June 1459 - late in 1463} (city sacked by Adolph of Nassau) - exiled from Mainz after 1462 when religious rivalry disrupted industry there, printers sought working locations in other countries. - The 1st rag paper was made about the year 1300 + the trade of paper making soon becaem an important one in Italy Fabriano, Italy (c 1270) - watermark - 1st volume printed in Paris in French - Les Grandes Chroniques de France - 1477 - Paquies Bonhomme - 1st book printed in French - Recucil des Histories de Troyes - Bryges, by Caxton Missal ad usum Sorum - London - Punson, 1520.

Jacob Eber *Heinrich Eggestern *Martin Flach Matthias Brant Strassburg Latin Bible $460 * Johann Mentelin 1st Strassburg printer Bartholomaeus Kistler * Heinrich Kroblachtzen Adolph Rusch of Ingweiler [inserted] Thomas Anshelm of Baden *The 'R' Printer (Adolph Rusch) C.W. Cinis Argentinensis [end inserted] Directorium hanenae vite 1488 - *Johann Pruss *Johann Schitt * George Husner *Martin Schott *Johann Reinhard, Gruninger Wilhelm Schaffener Matthias Hupfuff around 1450 - Gutenberg started to print by 1460 - there were 3 presses at work in Europe 1470- 17 1480 - 122 1490 - 202 1500 - 247 Printing introduced into Spain at Valencia in 1474. Lambert Palmart - 1st Spanish printer.

Milan (in Haebler 110 leaves) 1) Antonius Zarotus* 6) A. Bonus 2) Leonhard Pachel und 3) Ulrich Scinzenzella 4) Johannes Bissolas und 5) Benedictus Mangius Gunter Zainer - Augsburg - died 1478 Johann Zainer - Ulm "pecia" (piece)

BMC I p. xx the quotation of the types in which a book is printed by means of the average measurement of 20 unleaded lines multiply the height of the type page by 25 + dividing it by the number of lines it contains - margin of variability I 2 on either side.

- Aramaic - the vernacular speech of the Jews + took a place beside Hebrew in their religious + literary life. It was the language spoken by Jesus + the Apostles and probably the original language of the Gospels as well. - no original manuscript of any of Shakespeare's plays is known to or[?] ist - a curcumstance which greatly enhances the importance of the early printed editions. 1st folio (1623) published by 2 of his fellow actors. Wm.. Shakspe Basel * Berthold Ruppel - 1? assistant to Gutenberg * Michael Wennsler * Johann Froben

Vol. I Brit M. Cat. Printer of the 1483 Jordannus de Quedlinberg Prior to the Sermons of Jordanus de Quadlinburg completed in 1483 this anonymous printer appears to have printed several books in types still retaining their original measurment of 99 mm which were subsequently filed down to 91 mm. He was almost certainly at work in 1482, perhaps in 1481. Joannes Balbus Catholicaon (not after 1483) 411x288mm larger capitals supplied in red + blue, smaller capitals in red + blue alternately, paragraph marks, initial-strokes, + underlines in red. Georg Husner, who became a citizen of Strassburg by marriage in 1470 put his name to one printed book in 1473, + to be registered is the tractatus contra vicia completed 5 Dec 1498. There was enough anonymous printing done at Strassburg to keep several pressed busy + if Husner only signed 3 books at the beginning + 1 at the end of his career he may during a long period have been active as a printer without signing any at all. The R Printer (Adolph Rusch) Goff B22 + 23 Catholicon - both about 1470 f^0 443x311mm Q, R large capitals in blue + red, small captials + paragraph marks in these colors alternately

1st Swiss Bible (1530) octavo - Froschauer, Christoph Zurich - Zwingli's pritner Neuchatel Bible 1535 - printed by Pierre de Wingle - 1st true Protestant version in French Teh most important + influential early Christian writer on the question of the Canon was Eusebius of Caesarea (c 260-340) who intended to calrify the * Bible commenaries 1) Clossa Ordinaria (11 + 12 C) 2) Postillae of Nicholas of Lyra (1270 - 1340) 3) Additiones of Paul of Burgos

* evidence about early usage as he waste his Ecclesiastical History during the early years of the 4th Century.

62 April 77 Rosenthal $27.50

Bible - French - early 13th C (C 1240) folio. 182 - Very small Gothic minususcule sometimes called "Pearl Gothic." - written in France about 1250 in a very small neat Gothic minuscule which seems to have been developed for small format Bibles. Ruled with a stylus.

Otto Ege leaf from a 12th C. Manuscript Bible - this century surpassed all others for the beautiful writing found in its manuscripts. It has been noted, however, that the more beautiful a MSS becomes in its characters, the less accurate in its Latinity. SOme writings of the Benedictines during this centyr, are almost unintelligible because of their barbarous Latin.

*Miniature MSS Bible circa 1240 AP #62 et sign crossed - Paris this period The Latin Vulgate version usually attributed to St. Jerome is here executed in angular Gothic script, 11 lines to the inch, on finest vellum. These small protable Bible were produced in great numbers by the Dominicians (1250-1275) in the early days of the Sorbonne, It has been calculated that in the year 1250, it would have taken the earnings of a day laborer for 15 yrs to purchase a MSS Bible of this type.

Paris MSS Bible circa 1310 see #42 Written in Gothic script 7 lines to the inch. The calligraphy + ornamentation on this page deserve class inspection. This form of writing is in marked contrast to the minute, much abbreviated + angular text of the preceding Century.

13th C - the inks used in Italy + France in this period frequently had a decided brown hue, while those used in England had a green tone.